Primary Elements of Engineering Thermodynamics

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi

The First step to Develop Engineering Skills…..

 The Main Goal of Engineering Thermodynamics

• Creation of engineering solutions to extrasomaic needs of

human.
• Engineering skill demands identification of a specific
target in the universe to create these solutions.
• Target identification is the first step in ET.
• Correct Identification of target leads to major success in
ET.
 Aim: Harvesting of Power from Wind
Engineering Solution : Development of Wind mill with a specified
Horse Power
What is the Precise Target ?
Wind Turbine in an Open Air
The Part of the Wind Which Interacts with Wind
Turbine
Identifying Your Target For Better Understanding
 A Thermodynamic System

A thermodynamic system is a collection of matter which has

distinct boundaries.
OR
A real or imaginary portion of universe which has distinct
boundaries is called system.
OR
A thermodynamic system is that part of universe which is under
thermodynamic study.
 Thermodynamic System and Surroundings
System: the material in a portion of space whose
thermodynamic study is to be made
Surroundings: Everything exterior to the system
Boundary: A separator, real or imaginary, between
system and surroundings.
 Classification of Thermodynamic Systems

• Basis: Nature of interaction with its surroundings.

• Mass interactions.
• Momentum & Energy Interactions.
• Species Interactions.
 Nature of Thermodynamic System : Control Mass

Control Mass (Closed system): fixed

mass (solid or fluid) within the
boundary:

Mass neither enter or nor leave the

boundary.

Volume of the system can change.

Both work and heat can cross the

boundary.
 Nature of Thermodynamic System : Control Volume
Electric power in
Cold air in
Control Volume
(Open (flow) system): A volume
with partly solid boundaries and
imaginary boundary sections
through which fluid moves

Heat loss

Hot air out

Classification based on Momentum Interactions….
Also facilitate Energy transactions ….
 Nature of Thermodynamic System : Isolated system

Isolated system: An isolated system is

one that is not influenced in any way by
the surroundings.
A Control Mass through which no heat
interactions and which does no work
interactions (rigid).
This means that no mass, heat, or work
cross the boundary of the system.
James Watt’s Contribution to Steam Engine Development :
1769
 Adiabatic Control Mass
Adiabatic Control Mass : A control mass, which is expected to
have no heat interactions with surroundings but can do other
actions equivalent to work.
 Adiabatic control volume
A Control Volume which is expected have no heat interactions,
but can have work interactions.
 First Level of Knowledge about System : Substance
& Purity
• Matter: Distinct chemical species.
– single component – pure substance
– two components – binary system
• A pure substance can become a binary system:
– example: water or steam under normal conditions is a
single component; but at very high temperatures, H2O
dissociates and becomes a two-component system – the
components are H and O (binary)
• A binary system can be treated as a single component:
– O2 and N2 in air under normal conditions can be
considered as a single component, “air”.
• Multi-component systems: three or more interacting
chemical species