Instrumentasi dalam

Penelitian
Irman Somantri, S.Kp. M.Kep.

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 Sifat
Pengukuran

Validitas Kesalahan
Pengukuran
Konsep Teori
Pengukuran

Reliabilitas Tingkat Skala

Pengukuran

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 Pembagian Data

Cara Waktu
Sumber Sifat
Memperoleh Pengumpulan

Data Data Data Time Data

Primer Internal Series Kualitatif

Data Data Data Cross Data

Sekunder Ekternal Section Kuantitatif

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 Existing Data vs Original Data
• Existing Data
• Historical Document : periodicals, diaries, letters, newspapers, minutes of
meetings, medical documents, reports, and so forth.
• secondary analysis
• Original Data
• Researchers using records have to assemble the data set, and considerable coding
and data manipulation usually are necessary

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 Dimention of Data Collection Approach
Structured methods give participants limited opportunities to qualify their answers or to explain the
Structure underlying meaning of their responses
Little or no structure and to provide participants with opportunities to reveal information in a naturalistic
way

Data that will be subjected to statistical analysis must be gathered in such a way that they can be quantified
Quantifiability

Data collection methods differ in the degree to which people are aware of their status as participants
researcher
obtrusiveness If people are aware of their role in a study, their behavior and responses may not be “normal,” and
distortions can undermine the value of the research

Refers to the degree to which two independent researchers can arrive at similar “scores” or make similar
Objectivity observations regarding the concept of interest, that is, make judgments regarding participants’ attributes
or behavior that are not biased by personal feelings or beliefs

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 Measurement
Data
Collection

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 Identifying Data Needs
1. Testing the hypotheses or addressing the research questions.
2. Describing sample characteristics.
3. Controlling extraneous variables.
4. Analyzing potential biases.
5. Understanding subgroup effects.
6. Interpreting results.
7. Checking the manipulation
8. Obtaining administrative information

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 Selecting Type Measures
• Type
• Single Measures
• Multiple/ Combine Measures
• Making Decision
• Research Consideration
• Ethical Consideration
• Cost Constraints
• time pressures,
• the availability of appropriate staff to help with data collection,
• the anticipated burden to participants and others, such as hospital staff or
participants’ families

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 Selecting & Developing Instruments

Availability and Norms and

Resources
familiarity. comparability.

Population Administration
Reputation
appropriateness. Issues

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 Instrumentasi
Klasifikasi
Tujuan Pemberi Asal Instrumen
Informasi

Test
• Tertulis Langsung dr peneliti Dari Peneliti
• Performance-type
instruments

Inventory
Langsung dari Subjek
• Adopsi
Penelitian
• Adaptasi
Non Test

Dari informan

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 IMPLEMENTING A DATA COLLECTION
PLAN IN A QUANTITATIVE STUDY
1. Selecting Research Personnel
• Experience.
• Congruity with sample characteristics.
• Unremarkable appearance.
• Personality.
• Availability
2. Training Data Collectors

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 Collecting Data in Qualitative Research
Issue Ethnography
Type of Data Primarily Observation & Interviews,
plus artifacts, documents,
photographs, genealogies, maps,
social network diagrams
Unit of Data Collecition Cultural Systems
Data Collection Points Mainly Longitudinal
Length of time for data Typically long, many months or
collection years
Data Recording Field notes, logs, interview
notes/recording
Salient field issues Gaining entrée, reactivity,
determining a role, learning how to
participate, encouraging candor &
other interview logistics, loss of
objectivity, premature exit
reflexivity
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Phenomenology
Primarily in-depth interviews,
sometimes diaries, other
written materials
Individuals
Mainly Cross-sectional
Typically moderate
interview notes/recording
Bracketing one’s views, building
rapport, encouraging candor,
listening while preparing what
to ask next, keeping “on track”,
handling emotionality
Grounded Theory
Primarily individual interviews,
sometimes group interviews,
observation, participant
journals, documents
Individuals
Cross Sectional or Longitudinal
Typically moderate
interview notes/recording,
memoing, observational notes
Building rapport, encouraging
candor, listening while
preparing what to ask next,
keeping “on track”, handling
emotionality
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 Instrumentasi
Major Type Data Desain
Collection Pengukuran

Self Report Guttman

Biophysiologic
Likert
Measure

Osgood/
Observasi
Semantic

Rating

Visual Analoque

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 Self Report

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 Jenis
Qualitative Quantitative

• Unstructured Interviews • Open & Closed Questions

• Structured Interviews • Questionnaires
• Semi Structured Interviews • Interviews
• Focus Group Interviews
• Joint Interviews
• Life Histories
• Oral Histories
• Critical Incidents
• Diaries & Journal

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 Composites Scales
• Likert Scale
• Semantic Differential Scales
• Rating Scale

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 Pengukuran Secara Observasi
Techniques for acquiring research data through the direct observation and recording of
phenomena.

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 Phenomena Amenable to Observation
1. Characteristics and conditions of individuals.
2. Activities and behavior
3. Skill attainment and performance
4. Verbal/non verbal communication
5. Environmental Characteristics

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 Unit of Observations

Molar Approach Molecular Approach

•Observing large •Uses small, highly

units of behavior specific behaviors
and treating them as observational
as a whole units

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 Structured Observation
• Categories & Checklist
• Using Category systems
• Checklists for Exhaustive Systems
• Checklists for Nonexhaustive Systems
• Rating Scale

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 Biophysiologic Measures

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 Purposes of Biophysiologic Measures
1. Basic physiologic processes
2. Physiologic outcomes of nursing care
3. Evaluations of nursing interventions
4. Product assessments
5. Measurement and diagnosis improvement
6. Studies of physiologic correlates

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 Types of Biophysiologic Measures
often involve the use of highly
In Vivo complex instrumentation systems.
Measures
1. A stimulus
Major Components 2. A subject
3. Sensing equipment (e.g., transducers)
4. Signal-conditioning equipment (to reduce interference signals)
5. Display equipment
6. Recording, data processing, and transmissionequipment

data are gathered by extracting

In Vitro physiologic material from subjects and
Measures submitting it for laboratory analysis
• Chemical measurements, such as the measure of
Example hormone levels, sugar levels, or potassium levels
• Microbiologic measures, such as bacterial
counts and identification
• Cytologic or histologic measures, such as tissue
biopsies

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