Computer Graphics

Prepared by: Anum, Lovely Rose I.

OBJECTIVES
• To see how matrix multiplication can be used to “ move “ a point
in the plane to prescribed location.
• To apply the Transformation Matrix to verify that each
transformation has the indicated effect.
• To know the different areas that gives a broad view of the
mathematical ideas used in graphic.
• To appreciate the importance of the different areas in field in
order to study the computer graphics.
Computer graphics is the discipline of generating
images with the aid of computers. Today, computer
graphics is a core technology in digital photography,
film, video games, cell phone and computer displays,
and many specialized applications
The term computer graphics refers to several different
things:
-the representation and manipulation of image data by a
computer
- the various technologies used to create and manipulate
images
Today, computer graphics is widespread. Such
imagery is found in and on television, newspapers,
weather reports, and in a variety of medical
investigations and surgical procedures. A well-
constructed graph can present complex statistics in
a form that is easier to understand and interpret. In
the media "such graphs are used to illustrate
papers, reports, theses", and other presentation
material.
Here are some descriptions of a number of
areas in mathematics that useful in
computer graphics.

ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY

 toperform simple trigonometry such as finding
the length of the edge of some geometric figure
based on other lengths and angles. Algebra and
trigonometry are the subjects that will solve such
day-to-day tasks in computer graphics.
 PROBALITY AND STATISTICS
 Certainly when researchers carry out studies using human subject,
they require statistical methods in order to perform the analysis of
the data. Graphics related areas that often make use of human
subjects include Virtual Reality and Human-Computer Interaction
(HCI). In addition, many computer descriptions of the real world
involve using various probabilities that a given action will occur.

o DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY
 This area of mathematics studies equations that govern the
geometry of smooth curves and surfaces. There is a common
technique in graphics for making a smooth surface appear rough
known as "bump mapping", and this method draws on differential
geometry.
 COMPUTATIONAL GEOMETRY
 Computational geometry is the study of efficient ways to represent
and manipulate geometry within the computer. Typical problems
include testing whether two objects collide, deciding how to break
up a polygon into triangles, and finding the nearest point in a
group to a given location. This area is a blend of algorithms, data
structures and mathematics. Researchers in graphics who work on
creating shapes (modeling) draw heavily upon this area.
 LINEAR ALGEBRA
 The ideas of linear algebra are used throughout
computer graphics. In fact, any area that concerns itself
with numerical representations of geometry often will
collect together numbers such as x , y , z positions into
mathematical objects called vectors. Vectors and a
related mathematical object called a matrix are used
all the time in graphics.
 MATRIX EQUATIONS
 There are a wide variety of problems that come up in
computer graphics that require the numerical solution of
matrix equations. Some problems that need matrix
techniques include: finding the best position and
orientation to match one object to another.

 MATRIX ALGEBRA
 Is the basic tool used in computer to manipulate images
on a computer screen. We will see how matrix
multiplication can be used to “move” a point in the
plain to a prescribed location. Combining such moves
enables us to stretch, compress, rotate and otherwise
transform a figure.
Moving Points in the Plane
 Let’s represent the point (x,y) in the plane by a 2 x 1 matrix:
𝑥
(x,y) ↔ 𝑦

For example, the point (3,2) in the figure is represented by the matrix
3
P=
2
Multiplying by a 2 x 2 matrix moves the point in the plane.
For example , if
1 0
T= → moves
0 −1
then multiplying P by T , we get

1 0 3 3
TP = =
0 −1 2 −2

Matrix multiplication “transforms” a point to a new point in

the plane. For this reason a matrix used in this way is called
a transformation.
 Moving Images in the Plane
Example:
1. The Table 1 has the following vertices:

0 1 1 0
, , ,
0 0 1 1
a.Apply each of the three transformations given in Table 1
to these vertices and sketch the result to verify that
each transformation has the indicated effect.
Use c= 2 in the expansion matrix and c= 1 in the shear
matrix.
2. Here is the data matrix for a line drawing:

𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
D=
𝟎 𝟎 𝟐 𝟒 𝟒 𝟎

a. Draw the image represented by D

1 1
b. Let T = . Calculate the matrix product TD,
0 −1
and draw the image represented by this product.
c. What is the effect of the transformation T?
3.
2 0 0 2 4 4 3 2 2
D=
0 0 3 5 3 0 2 2 0

a. Draw the image represented by D.

1 1.5
b. Let T = . Calculate the matrix product TD,
0 1
and draw the image represented by this product.
c. What is the effect of the transformation T?
Thank You!