Organ System, Body Plan

and Symmetry
ORGAN SYSTEM
Organ
• Group of tissues that performs a specific
function.

Ex. Heart, liver, lungs

Heart
Made up of the following tissues:
Epithelial tissue – covering and lining
Connective tissue – framework
Muscular tissue – contraction
Vascular tissue - transport
 11 ORGAN SYSTEMS
• Integumentary system
• Skeletal system
• Muscular system
• Digestive system
• Circulatory system
• Respiratory system
• Excretory system
• Endocrine system
• Nervous system
• Reproductive system
• Sense organs
BODY PLAN
Terms used to describe body parts
• Anterior, cephalic, cranial – head end
• Posterior and caudal – tail end
• Distal – away from the main mass
• Proximal – near the main mass
• Dorsal – back or upper side
• Ventral-- underside
• Medial – midline of the body
• Lateral – left & right sides
a. sinistral – left side
b. dextral -- right side
• Central – nearest the midline
• Peripheral – part nearest to the surface
• Superficial – on or near surface
• Deep – some distance below the surface
• Pectoral – chest region
• Pelvic – hip region
SYMMETRY
 Types of symmetry
• Spherical
animals having this type of symmetry
can be divided equally by any plane as it
passes through the center
ex. Volvox
• Radial
can be divided into similar halves by any
plane passing through the longitudinal axis.
ex. Sea star
• Biradial
both with radial and bilateral
symmetry.
ex. Jelly fish
• Bilateral
in which the animals can be divided into
equal right and left halves as long as the
division passes through the sagittal plane.
ex. insects
• Asymmetrical
those with no symmetry
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
Integument
• Includes the skin, structures derived from or
associated with the skin such as hair, setae,
scales
PROTOZOANS
-- elastic pellicle
COELENTERATES
-- single layer of cells
INSECTS
-- skeleton or shell
ARTHROPODS
-- cuticle
Functions
• Protects the body against variety of external
agents
• Maintain a constant internal environment
• Regulates the elimination of heat by the body
• Act as sense organ
• Covers the body
 Parts of the skin (2)
1
2
12 3
13 4

5
14 15 6
7
8
9
22
21
20
19
18 10
17 11
16
Strata of the epidermis

2
3
4
5
6

7
 1
3 2

7
11
9
8 12
10
 1
2

3 4
5
6
7
8

11 10
• Stratum1 corneum
-- outer layer of2 the epidermis

-- made up of stratified
3
squamous
epithelium
-- layer which is contually shed off by
4
molting
• Stratum1 lucidum
-- present only on very thickened surface
2
of the skin like in the soles and palms
• Stratum 1granulosum
-- middle layer where2
epithelial cells
gradually die and become keratinized.
• Stratum1spinosum
--Keratinocytes take in melanin by
2
cytocrine secretion.
• Stratum germinativum
1

-- adjacent to dermis & contains epidermal

2
cells that undergo cell division ( mitosis)
-- melanocyctes in this 3
layer produce
melanin.
Layers of the dermis

7 2
3

6 5
• Stratum spongiosum
1

-- borders the2 epidermis

-- made up of loose connective

3
tissues, glands and chromatophores.
• Stratum compactum
4

-- made up of more compact connective

tissue, nerves, blood
5 vessels and
tactile corpuscles.
 Different sensory nerve endings
found in the dermis
• Pacinian corpuscles --for pressure
• Krause’s end bulb -- cold sensation
• End bulbs of Ruffini -- heat sensation
• Free nerve endings -- pain sensation
Sensory nerve endings in the dermis
 Skin derivatives
• Glands
1. sebaceous1 or oil glands
2. ceruminous
2 glands
3. mammary3 glands
4. sweat or sudoriferous
4 glands
Types of sweat
1
glands
• Eccrine or merocrine
1
– Most numerous2
– True sweat: 99% water, 3some salts, traces of waste
– Open through
4 pores
• Apocrine 1
– Axillary, anal and 2genital areas only
– Ducts open into hair
3 follices
– The organic molecules in it decompose
4 with time - odor
• Hairs
1

2
3
4 15
5 14
13
12
11
10
9
9
8
7
6
 1
7
2
8

9
3
10
4

5 11

12
6

13
• Functions of hair
– Warmth – less in man1 than other mammals
– Sense light touch of the
2 skin
– Protection - scalp 3
• Parts
– Root imbedded in skin
1

– Shaft projecting above

2 skin surface

• Make up of hair – hard keratin

1

• Three concentric layers

– Medulla
1 (core)
– Cortex
2 (surrounds medulla)
– Cuticle
3 (single layers, overlapping)
• Types of hair
– Vellus: fine, short hairs
– Intermediate hairs
– Terminal: longer, coarser hair
• Hair growth: averages 2 mm/week
– Active: growing
– Resting phase then shed
• Hair loss
– Thinning – age related
– Male pattern baldness
• Hair color
– Amount of melanin for black or brown; distinct form of
melanin for red
– White: decreased melanin and air bubbles in the medulla
– Genetically determined though influenced by hormones
and environment
• The shape of the hair shaft determines
texture.
– Round shaft – straight hair
– Oval shaft – wavy hair
– Flat shafts – curly or kinky hair
Perms use chemicals to flatten shafts and makes
hair curly.
• Nails

6 7 8 9 10
1
11
2

3 12

3 13

5 14
• Feathers , scales, scutes, horns, hooves
Disorders of the integumentary system
• Burns
– Threat to life
• Catastrophic loss of body fluids
• Dehydration and fatal circulatory shock
• Infection
– Types
• First degree – epidermis: redness (e.g. sunburn)
• Second degree – epidermis and upper dermis: blister
• Third degree - full thickness
• Infections
• Skin cancer
Burns First-degree
(epidermis only; redness)

Second-degree
(epidermis and dermis,
with blistering)

Third-degree
(full thickness, destroying
epidermis, dermis, often part
of hypodermis)
End