AT THE END OF THE MODULE, I CAN:

•DESCRIBE THE ORGANIZED NATURE OF SOCIAL LIFE AND RULES

GOVERNING BEHAVIOR.
•COMPARE DIFFERENT SOCIAL FORMS OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS,
ACCORDING TO THEIR MANIFEST AND LATENT FUNCTIONS.
•ANALYZE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRUCTURES.
BARKADA
•IS THE TERM THAT THE MOST FILIPINO IN THEIR YOUTH USE TO REFER
TO A GROUP WHO SHARE THE SAME SOCIAL INCLINATIONS.
•THE FONDEST MEMORIES OF ONE’S YOUTH WOULD OFTEN BE OF THE
EXPERIENCES THEY SHARED WITH THEIR BARKADA.
•EVERY AGE GROUP IN EVERY SOCIETY CREATES AND SUBSCRIBE TO A
SOCIAL GROUP.
SOCIAL GROUP

•CONSIST OF INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE UNITED BY THEIR

SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS, AND THESE
CHARACTERISTICS SERVE AS THE BASIS OF THEIR
CONSTANT INTERACTION.
SOCIAL CATEGORY
•WAY OF CLASSIFYING PEOPLE ACCORDING TO A SHARED
TRAIT OR STATUS.
•YOU DO NOT NORMALLY INTERACT WITH.
SOCIAL AGGREGATE

•INDIVIDUALS GATHER IN THE SAME PLACE BUT ARE NEITHER

INTERACTING NOR SHARING SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS.
SOCIAL NETWORKS

CONSIST OF INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE DYADIC

RELATIONSHIPS THAT ARE INTERACTING WITH OTHER
RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN A STRUCTURE.
SOCIOGRAM
•IS A VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF THE SOCIAL NETWORKS
PRESENT IN ONE GROUP OR MORE. THIS WAS DEVELOPED BY
JACOB MORENO A PSYCHOTHERAPIST, IN 1951 TO
UNDERSTAND THE DYNAMICS OF THE INTERSECTIONS OF
THE SOCIAL GROUP.
3 TYPES HUMAN SOCIAL GROUPINGS:

•IN-GROUP
•OUT-GROUP
•REFERENCE GROUP
IN-GROUP

•IS THE SOCIAL GROUP IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL DIRECTLY

AFFILIATES AND EXPRESSES LOYALTY TO.
3 PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
IN-GROUP:
1.

•MEMBERS USE TITLES, EXTERNAL SYMBOLS, AND

DRESS TO DISTINGUISH THEMSELVES FROM THE
OUTER GROUP.
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2.

•MEMBERS APPLY POSITIVE STEREOTYPES TO THEIR

IN-GROUP AND NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES TO THE
OUTGROUP.
3.
•MEMBERS TEND TO CLASH OR COMPETE WITH
MEMBERS OF THE OUT-GROUP. THIS COMPETITION
WITH THE OTHER GROUP CAN ALSO STRENGTHEN
THE UNITY WITHIN EACH GROUP.
INTERGROUP AGGRESSION
•TAKES PLACE AS MEMBERS OF THE IN-GROUP HARM
INDIVIDUALS FROM THE OUT-GROUP DUE TO THEIR
UNDESIRABLE TRAITS THAT CLASH WITH THE IN-
GROUP’S PRESCRIBED NORM.
OUT-GROUP

•THE GROUP THAT THE INDIVIDUAL IS NOT PART OF.

•INDIVIDUALS FROM AN OUT-GROUP ARE USUALLY
CONSIDERED MALEVOLENT EVEN IF THEY ARE NOT.
•BECAUSE MEMBERS OF THE IN-GROUP PERCEIVE
THEMSELVES AS DIVERSE AND COMPLEX, WHILE
MEMBERS OF THE OUT-GROUP ARE DESCRIBED AS A
GROUP WITHOUT ANY DIFFERENTIATION.
•THESE INDIVIDUALS ARE PRONE TO BEING
STEREOTYPED AND WORSE, DEHUMANIZED, AS
MEMBERS OF THE IN-GROUP REFER TO THEM SOLELY
ON THE BASES OF THEIR PROJECTED
CHARACTERISTICS.
REFERENCE GROUP
•USED BY AN INDIVIDUAL AS A STANDARD TO
MEASURE HIS OR HER ACTIONS.
•THE BEHAVIOR OF AN INDIVIDUAL CAN BE SHAPED
BY THE SET OF BEHAVIOR AND BELIEFS OF A GROUP
THAT SUCH AN INDIVIDUAL CONSIDERS IDEAL.
THE EXISTENCE OF REFERENCE GROUPS CAN HAVE
TWO EFFECTS ON AN INDIVIDUAL’S SELF EVALUATION.
NORMATIVE EFFECT

•WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL RECEIVES A POSITIVE SELF-

EVALUATION.
COMPARISON EFFECT
•NEGATIVE SELF EVALUATION THAT A REFERENCE
GROUP HAS ON INDIVIDUALS WHO TRY TO
APPRAISE THEIR BEHAVIOR BASED ON ITS
PRESCRIBED NORMS.