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ORIFICES:
An Orifice is an opening with a closed perimeter through which a fluid flows.
Its primary purpose is the measurement and control of flow.
h p2
VA
2 V2
Datum
L.S
Writing the Bernoulli’s energy equation between points 1 and 2, neglect head losses
2 2 2 2
V1 p1 h V2 p2 0 V1 p V p
Z1 Z2 1 h 2 2
2g 2g 2g 2g
From the equation above the theoretical velocity of flow through the orifice is obtained
V12 p1 p2
Vt orV2 2 g h orVt 2 gH
2g
(a) Rounded Orifice (b) Sharp-edged Orifice
p1
1 V12 p1 p2
L.S Vt orV2 2 g h
VA h
CHAMBER B 2g
p2
2 V2
orVt 2 gH
Datum
(2.1)
CHAMBER A
L.S
2
V1 p1 p2
where H h , the total head which produces the flow
2g
Note: (1) The velocities Vt and V1 are assumed to be the mean values.
(2) The common conditions encountered in practice are when p1 = p2 =0
and the velocity head V12/2g ≈ 0 for a relative large chamber A. Then the
equation reduces to
Vt 2 gh (2.2)
in which H = h. Equation (2.2) defines the theorem of Torricelli which states that
“the theoretical velocity through the orifice under a head h is equal to the velocity
acquired by a body falling from rest through a height h”.
p1 Note: It has been shown experimentally
1 that the actual mean velocity of the jet
L.S from a sharp-edged orifice is a little less
CHAMBER B than the theoretical velocity as given in
VA h equation (2.1) or (2.2). This difference is
p2
2 attributed to the fluid’s viscosity which
Datum V2
was neglected in the derivation of eq.
CHAMBER A L.S (2.1). To correct for the head losses
initially neglected, a correction factor
known as the coefficient of velocity
(b) Coefficient of velocity and Actual shall be applied.
velocity at point 2,
Va
Cv Va CvVt Cv 2 gH
Vt
where: CV is a correction factor called as the “coefficient of velocity”
Figure 2.1 shows the magnification of the sharp-edged orifice. The individual particles of
the mass of fluid approaching the orifice follow converging paths. Due to the inertia of the particles
lying close to the inner wall, they cannot make abrupt changes in their direction as they reach the
opening. This causes them to follow curvilinear paths effecting a contraction of the jet up the
section, say m-n, at which the stream paths are assumed parallel, and the pressure having a value
equal to that of the surrounding medium.
The section m-n where the contraction of the jet ceases is called as the vena contracta
and its distance from the inner wall of the orifice is approximately ½ of the diameter of the orifice,
Do.
a
Cc and a Cc Ao
Ao
where: a = the cross sectional area of
the vena contracta
Ao = the cross sectional area
Figure 2.1 of the orifice
Contraction of Jet
(d) The actual discharge is,
Qa aVa
where: a – area of the “ vena contracta “
Recall: (1) The “vena contracta is the point on the jet where contraction
stops or where the diameter is the least.
(2) The ratio of the area of the “vena contracta” to the area of the
orifice is known as the “Coefficient of Contraction”,
a
Cc
Ao
(e) The “ coefficient of discharge” is the ratio of the actual discharge to the
theoretical,
Qa aVa
C
Qt AoVt
or C Cc C v
TABLE 2.1: VALUES OF C FOR CIRCULAR ORIFICE
Diameter (cm)
Head (cm)
0.65 1.30 2.00 2.50 5.00 10.00
VA h p2
2 V2
L.S
Formulas derived from energy equation between 1 and 2 neglecting head lost:
E1 E2 Theoretical velocity at point 2:
V12 p1 p2
V2 2 g h
2 2
V1 p V p
1 Z1 2 2 Z 2 2g
2g 2g
2 2 If V1≈ VA and if both p1=0 and p2 = 0, then
V1 p V p
1 h 2 2 0 VA 2
2g 2g V2 2 g h
V2
2
V1
2
p1 p2 2 g
h
2g 2g
V2 2 gh (for large tank VA = 0)
(f) Head Loss in orifice, p1
L.S 1
1 Va 2 VA h
H o 2 1 p2
2 V2
Cv 2g
or
H o 1 Cv H
2
L.S
2
V1 p1 p2
where: H h
2g
(g) Most common form of expressing the actual discharge is,
Qa CAo 2 gh when p1 = p2 = 0 ; V1 ≈ 0
or Qa CAo 2gH
Head Lost in an orifice:
Ho Consider a fluid discharging under a total head H.
The velocity discharge is,
lost head
H V Cv 2 gH
Then the original head H is,
1 V2
H 2 Equation (1)
Cv 2 g
2
The head remaining in the jet is velocity head is V .
2g
Horizontal orifice discharging
upward The lost head Ho = original head minus remaining
head, or
1 V 2 V 2 1 1 V
2
Ho 2 2 2g Equation (2)
Cv 2 g 2 g C v
V2
Cv H
2
From equation (1) the velocity head in the jet
2g
Hence the lost head,
H o H Cv H 1 Cv H
2 2
Substitute the value of
Head loss in a nozzle
V1 from continuity eq. in
energy eq.
2
1 2
A2 2
V2 2
A1 p V p
1 Z1 2 2 Z 2
i. Continuity equation for 2g 2g
incompressible fluid
Rearranging,
A1V1 A2V2
V2 A2 p p
2 2
A 1 1 2 Z Z
V1 2 V2
1 2
1
2g A
A1
ii. Energy equation for Solve for V2,
incompressible fluid
between 1 and 2 2g p1 p2
neglecting head loss V2 2
Z Z 2
Eq. 1
A
1
1 2
A1
2 2
V1 p V p
1 Z1 2 2 Z 2
2g 2g
The theoretical velocity at the outlet of the nozzle
i. If head loss is Rearranging and collecting
accounted, then the terms,
energy equation for 2
A2 p1 p2
2
incompressible fluid V2
1 Z1 Z 2 H L,12 Eq. 2
1
between 1 and 2 is, 2g A
2g p1 p2
V2 Z Z H L ,12
A 2
1 2
1 2
A1
2 2
V1 p V p
1 Z1 2 2 Z 2 H L ,12
2g 2g
Again, substitute the 2g p1 p2
Va V2 Z Z H L ,12
value of V1 from A 2
1 2
1 2
continuity eq. in energy
A1
eq. Eq. 3
2
A2 2
V2
A p V
2
p2 The actual velocity at the outlet of the nozzle
1
Z1
1 2
Z 2 H L ,12
2g 2g
Summarizing,
1 2
2g p1 p2
Vt V2 2
Z Z 2
Eq. 1
A
1
1 2
A1
The theoretical velocity at the outlet of the nozzle
2g p1 p2
Va V2 2
Z Z H L ,12
A
1 2
1 2
A1 Eq. 3
The actual velocity at the outlet of the nozzle
2g p1 p2 2g p1 p2
2
Z Z H L ,1 2
Cv 2
Z Z 2
A A
1 2 1
1 2 1 2
A1 A1
2g p1 p2 2g p1 p2
2
2
2
Z Z H L ,1 2 C 2
Z Z
A A
1 2 v 1
1 2 1 2
A1 A1
2g p1 p2 2g p1 p2
2
2
2
Z Z H L ,1 2 C 2
Z Z
A A
1 2 v 1
1 2 1 2
A1 A1
Solve for head loss,
p p 2 p p
H L ,12 1 2 Z1 Z 2 Cv 1 2 Z1 Z 2
p p
H L ,12 1 2 Z1 Z 2 1 Cv
2
Eq. 4
2
A2 p1 p2
2
V2
Going back to equation 2, 1 Z1 Z 2 H L,12
2 g A1
Substitute the value of (1 – Cv2)
from eq 4 in eq. 2,
2
V2 A2 H L,12
2
1 H L,12
2 g A1 1 Cv 2
V2 A2
2 2
H
L,12 H H L,12
1 C A V
v
2
1 2
2
2
2
1 A 2 g
2
1 Cv 2 L ,1 2 Cv 1
1
2g A
A2 V2 2
2
1
V2 A2 H
2
L,12 H L,12 1 Cv 2 1 1
2 2
H L,12
1 Cv
A1 2 g
2
1
2g A 1 C
v
h = h 1 – h2
h1
h2
V2
Vt 2 gh or Vt 2 gH
(b) Actual discharge,
Piezometer
VA 1 2 V2
jet
manometer
where:
(a) Theoretical Discharge,
p1
p1 VA 2 , is measured by using by
Qt AoVt Ao 2 g either a piezometer or
an open manometer at
2 g
point 1.
(b) Actual Discharge,
p1 VA 2
Qa CAo 2 g
2 g
4. Sluice Gates, a gate which has its lower edge in or near the bed of a
channel
L.S
V1
d1
y d2 V2
Vc
V D
Discharge, Q CA 2 gH
where: C, coefficient of discharge ( Table is available for Beveled-lip
entrance and square – cornered entrance ).
6. Weirs: Sharp – Crested and Free - Falling
VA L
d
P Weir plate
Channel bed
a.1 Theoretical discharge,
3
2 2
3
2 VA VA
2 2
Qt
2g L H where: VA is velocity of approach
3
2 g 2
3
2
If VA ≈ 0 then Qt 2 g LH 2
3
a.2 Actual discharge, Qa CQt
3
2 2
3
2 VA VA
2 2
Qa C
2g L H
3
2 g 2 g
3
2 2
3
VA VA
2 2
Qa Cw L H
2 g 2 g
2
where: Cw C 2g
3
Cw = weir factor
H = head over the crest
L = length of the weir = width of the channel
P = height of the weir
d = depth of water upstream
0.02161 H
2
Cw 0.5518 3.248 1 0.55
H d
REHBOCK AND CHOW FORMULA
H
Cw 3.27 0.40 ( English Unit)
P
H
Cw 1.8 0.22 ( S.I. Unit)
P
(b) Rectangular Contracted Weir
H
0.10H L’ 0.10H
P
L
Where:
8
C C' 2 g tan
H 15 2
θ
C’ = correction factor
θ = vertex angle
c.1 Theoretical discharge,
8 52 H = head over the vertex
Qt 2 g tan H (VA ≈ 0)
15 2
c.2 Actual discharge, For standard 90˚ weir: C’ = 0.60
5 5
Qa CH 2
Qa 1.4 H 2
( S.I. Units)
5
Qa 2.5H 2
( English Units)
THEORY ON WEIR
The flow of liquid between two points over a notch follows Bernoulli’s equation
Point 1, a point on the surface of a liquid a distance upstream from the crest of
weir ( usually 4 times the height from the notch bottom).
Point 2, a point in differential area dA above the crest of the weir.
1
2
h x h
dh H dh
H-h H
H-h 2θ
VA
L V-notch weir
Rectangular weir Front view
Front view
L V-notch weir
Rectangular weir Front view
Front view
Side view
Since point 1 is on the surface of the liquid and the cross-section area at point 1 is very large,
then p1 = 0 (atmospheric pressure is not considered) and also point 2 is the jet over the weir
crest then p2 = 0. From the Bernoulli’s equation gives:
V1
2
V
2
V12
0 Z1 0 2 Z 2 V2 V 2 g h
2g 2g 2g
2 2
V2 V Then the volume flow rate passing through the
Z1 Z 2 1 differential area dA will be:
2g 2g
V1
2
V2
2
V
2
dQ dA V dQ dA 2 g h
h 1
2g 2g 2 g
V1
2
Using dQ dA 2 g
h 2g
L = width of notch, m
L
Then,
12
V1
2
V1
2
dQ Lxdh 2 g h dQ L 2 g h dh
2g
2 g
Integrating from 0 to H, we obtain
H
V1
2 12
2 V
2 32
2 3 2
V1
Q L 2 g h dh
Q L 2 g H 1
0
2g 3 2 g 2g
2
Neglecting velocity of approach, V1 ≈ 0, then Q L 2 g H
32
3
Using dQ dA 2 gh
(neglecting velocity of approach) x h
For V- Notch H
H-h
2θ
dA 2 x dh
dQ 2 tan 2 g Hh1 2 h3 2 dh
Integrating
H
Q 2 tan 2 g Hh1 2 h3 2 dh
0
H
2 Hh 32
2h
52
Q 2 tan 2 g
3 5 0
H
2 Hh 32
2h
52
Q 2 tan 2 g
3 5 0
2H 5 2 2H 5 2
Q 2 tan 2 g
3 5
8
Q 2 g tan H 5 2
15
In practice the actual flow rate is smaller than the theoretical flow rate due the energy
loss caused by the fluid viscosity. Then the actual flow rate will be:
2
Rectangular notch actual flow rate : Q Cd 2g b H 3 2
3
V-Notch actual flow rate:
8
For 90˚ V-notch, Q Cd 2 g tan 45 H 5 2
15
8
For 60˚ V-Notch, Q Cd 2 g tan 30 H 5 2
15
Where CD = Coefficient of discharge, dimensionless constant
(d) Trapezoidal Weirs
w.s.
θ/2 H θ/2
L
Actual discharge,
2 3
8 5
Qa C ' 2 g LH 2 C" 2 g tan H 2
3 15 2
Where: VA ≈ 0
b
3
Qa CLH 2
3
S.I: Qa 1.70LH 2
3
English: Qa 3.09 LH 2
g. Submerged Weirs
W.S
HU HD
VA
Qa Q' 1 S
n 0.385
If, in addition to the outflow Qo (at time, t = 0) through the orifice in the tank,
There is a constant inflow Qi which supplies the tank, the type of flow may be classified
as steady or unsteady depending upon the relative values of Qi and Qo:
dh
Elemental volume, dV
h1
h
h2 Final W.S. elev.
Qo CAo 2 gh
Case 1: When Qi = 0: the surface drops and the volume decrease or dV/dt < 0.
The rate of change in the volume of the contained liquid is the Qo (Qi = 0).
dV
Qo
dt Qi
Initial W.S. elev.
1
dh
Elemental volume, dV
h1 2
h
h2 Final W.S. elev.
Qo CAo 2 gh dV
also Qo
dt
i. If there is no inflow, the time required for the W.S. to drop from
position 1 to 2, where:
h2 h1 h1 As is a function of h
dV As dh 1 As dh h = head above the orifice
t Q
o
h2
Qo CAo 2g h2
h1 2
h1
Case 2: When Qi ≠ Qo at time, t = 0. Under this condition there are two related subcases:
(a) Qi < Qo: the liquid surface drops as in the first case. The rate of change of the
contained volume is
h2
dV
dV
(Qo Qi ) t
Qo Qi
and
dt h1
Qi
h2 Initial W.S. elev.
dV
t
h1 CAo 2 gh Qi dh
Elemental volume, dV
h1 h1
As dh
t
h
h2 Final W.S. elev.
h2 CAo 2 gh Qi
h2
dV dV
Qi Qo and t
dt Q Qo
h1 i
h2
As dh Qi
t Initial W.S. elev.
h1 Qi CAo 2 gh
dh
where: As = f(h)
Elemental volume, dV
h1
h
h2 Final W.S. elev.
Qo CAo 2 gh
ii. If two tanks are connected by an orifice or a short tube, the time
required for the head to change from H1 to H2 is,
As1
Vlost
As1 As 2 21
h1
h2 h1 1
As2
Vgain
t
CAo 2 g
h2
As1 As 2
h dh
Tank 1 Tank 2
where: As1 and As2 is the water surface areas in the tanks at any time.
h is the difference in water surfaces in the two tanks at any time.
If As1 and/or As2 will vary, it must be expressed in terms of h.
If As1 and As2 are constant ( the two tanks have uniform cross-
sectional area, the formula becomes:
t
As1 As 2 2
As1 As 2 CAo 2 g
h1 h2
Problem 1. Experimental determination of the three coefficients C, Cv, Cc
of an orifice.
Solution.
Y
L.S
Voy gx 2
h y x 2
Vox 2Vox
X
P (x, y)
4. W Vol
W Q t
W CAo 2 gh t
From this equation C can be solved knowing W, Ao, h, t and γ.
W
C
Ao 2 gh t
Voy gx 2
5. The equation of the jet’s trajectory is, y x 2
Vox 2Vox
where: Voy = 0 and Vox Cv 2 gh
gx 2
y 0
2C 2 gh
2
v
gx 2
y 0
2 Cv 2 gh
2
gx 2
y 2
4Cv gh
x2
y 2
4Cv h
Solution:
h = 4.72 m x = 2.35 m
W = 60 kg x 9.81N/kg = 588.6 N y = -0.30 m
γ = 9810 N/m3 Do = 12 mm = 0.012 m
t = 81 sec
Ao 0.012m2 (36 x106 )m 2
4
a. W CAo 2 gh t
588.6 C 36 x106 29.814.72819810
C 0.681
b. The vertical distance at any point in the jet from the center of the orifice
is expressed by
x2 x CvVt t
y 2
(1)
4Cv h
x
Derivation: t (3)
Cv 2 gh
1
y Vo y t a y t 2
2 Substitute (3) in (2), we obtain
0 -g
1 2 2
y gt (2) 1 x
2 y g
2 Cv 2 gh
and
x2
1 2
x Vox t a x t y 2
2 4Cv h
where: Vo Vo cos 0 C V
x v t
ax 0
Therefore, using equation (1) to determine Cv
x2
y 2
4Cv h
0.30
2.35
2
4Cv 4.72
2
Cv 0.987
C
c. Cc
Cv
0.681
Cc
0.987
Cc 0.690
Problem 4. In the figure shown, determine the theoretical velocity in the
jet, the actual velocity and discharge considering:
h 5m (oil ) Cv 0.97
Do 50mm
(b) pA pB 0 Cc 0.62 (sharp-edged orifice)
h 5m (water) Cv 0.98
pA
Do 50mm
( c) pA 70kPa C Cv 0.95 (rounded)
h pB
pB 0 Do 75mm
h 1.5m
s = 3.00
Solution.
m
Vt 19.612
s
Va CvVt 0.9519.612
m
s
m
Va 18.631
s
pA 70 x103
Qa CAo 2 g h 0.95 x x0.075 29.811.5
2
4 3x9810
m3
Qa 0.082
s
Problem 5. The horizontal orifice in the figure shown is 50 mm in diameter
with Cc = 0.63, Cv = 0.97. The diameter of the pipe is 150 mm. The liquid is
water and stands 2.90 m above the centerline of the pipe in the piezometer.
Compute the mean velocity in the jet, the diameter of the jet, the discharge,
and the lost head.
2 2
V1 V
2.90 2
2g 2g
2.90 m 2
150 mm 50
where: V1 V2
150
1 2 1
V1 V1 V2
9
therefore
Solution: 2
1
V2 2
a. Energy equation (1 – 2) 9 2.90 2 V
V1
2
p V
2
p 2g 2g
1 Z1 2 2 Z 2 m
2g 2g V2 Vt 7.59
0 s
The mean velocity in the jet is, c. The discharge is
4 1 Va 2
H o 2 1
a 0.00124m 2 Cv 2g
1 7.362
2
Therefore the diameter of the jet is,
Ho 1
2 x9.81
2
0.97
d 2 0.00124
4 H o 0.174m
d 0.040m 40mm
Problem 6. Oil of specific gravity 0.72 flows through a 75 mm-diameter
orifice with Cv = 0.95, Cc = 0.65. What must be the pressure of the oil so
that the jet will be capable of producing 8 H.P?
Va 2
aVa 0.72 x9810
pA
2 g
o.s
8
h = 2.75 m
746
87462 x9.81 Cc Ao 0.72 x9810Va
3
87462 x9.81 0.65 x 0.0752 0.72 x9810Va 3
4
m
Solution: Va 17.939
s
Q E
a. H .P.
746 2
V
where: E a The only energy possessed
2 g by the jet as it flows through
the orifice.
p
b. Va CvVt Cv 2 g h A
p
17.939 0.95 2 x9.81 2.75 A
pA
338.745 2 x9.81 2.75
0.72 x9819
pA 102544Pa 102.544kPa
Problem 7. A cylindrical tank 0.90 m in diameter and 3.0 m high contains
1.0 m of water, 1.20 m of oil (s = 0.80) and air 110.311 kPa, abs. Find the
theoretical velocity of the jet through a 50 mm-diameter orifice 0.30 m above
the bottom of the tank.
Solution:
Air therefore
0.80 m p = 110.311 kPa
m
Vt 7.105
1.00 m Water s
0.30 m
Vt 2 gH
where: H = ( hw + ho + ha) in m. of water
110.311 101.356
H 0.70 0.801.20 1000 2.573m
9810
Problem 8. In the figure is a submerged orifice. Find the theoretical velocity
at the orifice.
pA = 27.578 m
kPa Vt 11.643
pB = 82.732 s
kPa, abs.
h1 = 3.70 m
h2 = 1.50 m
Solution:
p A pB
Vt 2 g h1 h2
27.578 x103 (82.732 101.356)103
Vt 2 x9.81 3.70 1.50
9810 9810
Problem 9. In the figure shown, the orifice in the side of the closed tank is
50 mm square with C = 0.60, Cc = 0.62. An open mercury manometer
Indicates the pressure of the air. Compute the discharge when the upper
3 m of liquid is oil (s = 0.82) and the remainder is water.
Solution:
So,
m3
Qa 0.011
s
Problem 10. In the figure, the cylinder weighs 80 kg and is empty at the time
the orifice is opened. Neglecting the thickness of the cylinder walls, determine
the value of W if the cylinder sinks 0.90 m (height of water inside) in 2 minutes.
80 kg
then
w.s V = Volume of water entered in the
h 0.60 m cylinder
V 0.602 0.90 0.081 m 3
4
Fb1 Orifice,
Ao = 1290 mm2 and
24 kN/m3 C = 0.60
W Discharge x time = Volume of water
1m2
0.601290mm x
2
2
2 gh 2 min x 60 s / min ( 0.081 ) m 3
(1000mm)
2gh 2.740
2.740 2
h
2g
h 0.383m
b. ΣFv = 0,
N
Fb1 Fb2 80kg 9.81 W 0
kg
0.60 h9810 Vw 9810 80kgx
2 9.81N
Vw (24 x103 ) 0
4 kg
0.60 h9810 Vw 9810 80kgx
2 9.81N
Vw (24 x103 ) 0
4 kg
14190Vw 0.602 0.3839810 80(9.81)
4
Vw 0.020m3
Therefore
W Vw (24 x103 )
N
W (0.020m )( 24 x10 3 )
3 3
m
W 480N
PROBLEMS ON WEIRS
Solution:
P = 1.20 m H = 0.40 m
L = 3.00 m d = P + H = 1.20 + 0.40 = 1.60 m
3
a. Francis : Q Cw LH 2
H
2
b. Rehbock: Q Cw LH 2
H
where: Cw 1.8 0.22
P
H 3
Q 1.8 0.22 LH 2
P
0.40 m3
3.00.402 1.422
3
Q 1.8 0.22 x
1.20 s
3
Q 1.843.00.40
3
2
m3
Q 1.396
s
Problem 12. A rectangular channel 6.0 m wide has a depth of 0.90 m
flowing with a mean velocity of 0.747 m/s. Determine the height of standard
sharp-crested weir that will increase the depth of water in the channel to
1.524 m
Solution:
W.S W.S
H crest
VA L = 6.0 m
d = 1.524 m
P Weir plate
Channel bed
Q 4.034
a. Without the weir, b. V A
A 1.524 x6.0
Q AV 0.90x6.00.747 V 0 .441
m
(velocity of approach)
3 A
m s
Q 4.034
s
c. Using the Francis Formula,
3 3
V
2 2
VA
2 2
Q 1.84 L H A
2 g
2g
2
VA (0.441) 2
where: L = 6.0 m 9.912 x10 3 m
2g 2 x9.81
9.912 x10
3 3
4.034 1.846.0 H 9.912 x10 3 2 3 2
3
3 2
0.375 H 9.912 x10
H 0.510m
Therefore, P d H 1.524 0.510
P 1.014m
2
VA
NOTE: If is neglected
2g
3
Q 1.84LH 2
3
4.034 1.846.0H 2
H 0.511m
Solution:
Check:
2
VA
a. Assume 0 Q
2g 3 VA
A
b. Use the Francis Formula, Q 1.84LH 2
2.834
3 VA
2.834 1.846.0H 2 1.304(6.0)
m
H 0.404m VA 0.362
s
Therefore, d P H 0.90 0.404 VA
2
( 0.362 ) 2
d 1.304m 0.0067
2g 2 x9.81
(assumption is justified)
Problem 14. A contracted rectangular sharp-crested weir 1.80 m long
discharges water under a head of 0.50 m. Compute the discharge using
the Francis correction.
Solution:
3
Q 1.84L' H 2
Q 1.841.700.50
3
2
m3
Q 1.106
s
Problem 15. In a river 18.0 m wide, having an average depth of 1.04 m and
a mean velocity of 0.35 m/s, a contracted weir (rectangular) 12.0 m long is
to be constructed. Determine the head over the weir.
Solution:
12.0 m
W.S
H
P
orig. W.S
1.04 m
18.0 m
a. Without the weir,
Q AV 18.0 x1.040.35 6.552
m
s
b. Velocity of approach with the weir,
2
Q 6.552 V
VA Assume A 0 ( P is not given)
A d 18.0 2g
c. Use the Francis formula and correction
3
Try H = 0.45 m
Q 1.84L' H 2
5 3
3
(0.45) 60(0.45) 17.804 0
2 2
3 5
0.172 0
6.552 22.08H 0.368H
2 2
Try H = 0.447 m
5 3 5 3
H 60 H 17.804 0
2 2
(0.447) 60(0.447) 17.804 0
2 2
3.232 0
Problem 16. A contracted weir 3 m long is built in the center of a rectangular
channel 6 m wide. How high is the weir if the depth of water upstream is
1.067 m when the discharge is 1.134 m3/s?
Solution:
Q 1.134 m
a. V A 0.177
A 1.067(6) s
2
VA 0.177 2
1.597 x103 m (negligible)
2 g 2 x9.81
3
1.134 1.84(3 0.2H ) H 2
3
1.134 1.84(3 0.2H ) H 2
Therefore:
3 5
Pd H
1.134 5.52 H 0.368H
2 2
P 1.067 0.354
5 3
P 0.713m
H 15H 3.082 0
2 2
0.0485 0
Try H = 0.354
5 3 ?
(0.354) 15(0.354) 3.082 0
2 2
Solution:
L
d =1.22 m 1
2 0.366 m P = 0.838 m
z z
6.0 m
Solution:
8 52
Qt 2 g tan H
15 2
5
8
Qt 2 x9.81(tan 30)(0.190) 2
15
m3
Qt 0.021
s
NOTE: The actual discharge is determine by applying correction factor
(discharge coefficient).
8 52
Qa C ' 2 g tan H
15 2
Problem 19. The discharge of water over a 45˚ triangular weir is 0.021 m3/s.
What is the head?
Solution:
8 52
Qa C ' 2 g tan H
15 2
8 45 52
0.021 0.60 x 2 x9.81(tan )H
15 2
H 0.264m
Problem 20. What length of Cipolletti weir should be constructed if the
measured head will not exceed 0.457 m when the discharge is 3.40 m3/s?
Solution:
3
Qa 1.859LH 2
3
3.40 1.859L(0.457) 2
L 5.920m
Problem 21. The flow in a rectangular channel varies from 0.227 to 0.850
m3/s and it is desired to regulate the depth by installing 90˚ V-notch weirs at
the end. How many such weirs are needed to limit the variation in depth
to 0.06 m? Find the maximum head?
Solution:
Hmin
For 90˚ standard triangular weir the discharge is expressed by Q 1.4 H 2.5
n 75 weirs
Problem 22. An overflow masonry dam is to be constructed across a stream.
the stream is estimated to have a maximum flood discharge of 850 m3/s
when the elevation of water surface at the dam site is 345.122 m. Six sluice
gates each 2.4 m high and 1.80 m wide (C = 0.85) are to be constructed in
the dam with their sills at elevation 342.226 m. The main overflow weir for
which C = 1.45 will be 61 m long with a crest elevation at 360.976 m. An
auxilliary weir 183 m long with a crest elevation at 361.372 m will operate
during floods. For this weir, C = 1.87. With all the sluice gates open, what will
be the W.S elevation when the discharge is 850 m3/s?
W.S. in reservoir
ELEV. H – 0.396 H ELEV.
361.372 m Auxilliary Weir (AW)
Main Weir (MW) 360.976 m
3 3
850 1.45(61) H 1.87(183)( H 0.396) 6(0.85)( 2.4 x1.80) 2(9.81)( H 17.55)
2 2
3 3 1
850 88.45H 342.21( H 0.396) 97.59( H 17.55)
2 2 2
3 3 1
850 88.45H 342.21( H 0.396) 97.59( H 17.55)
2 2 2
850 785.552
2. Try H = 1.3 m
3 3 1
?
850 88.45(1.3) 342.21(1.3 0.396) 97.59(1.3 17.55)
2 2 2
850 848.939
Using H = 1.302 m gives 850 ≈ 850.24 (O.K)
t
Solution: 4
1.20 m
w.s. 0.30
0.95 (0.050) 2 2 g
4
1.50 m dh 1.80 1
h1 =1.80 m t 136.883 h dh 2
h 0.30
1.80
1
h2
h2 = 0.30 m
t 136.883
(1.2) 2 dh 1
dVh1
t
1.80
h2 Q
0.30 CAo 2 gh
4 2 0.30
1.80
1
h2
t 136.883
1
2 0.30
1.8 0.30
t 136.883
1
2
t 217.348s
Problem 24. A tank is in the shape of a frustum of a cone having its bases horizontal
and axis vertical, is 3.0 m high and filled with water. It has a diameter of 2.40 m at
the top and 0.80 m at the bottom. What is the time required to empty the tank
through a sharp-edged orifice 75 mm square with C = 0.60?
Solution:
z z 3.0
2.40 m
1. z 1.50m
0.80 2. 4
D 0.80
D 2.
dh zh z
h1 = 3.0 m
D 0.80
h 1.5 h 1.5
dV D 2 dh
4
h2 = 0 D
0.80
1.5 h
1.5
0.80 m
z
D 2 0.284 2.25 3.0h h 2
D 2 0.639 0.852h 0.284h 2
h1
dV t 358.416s 5.974 min .
3. t
h2 CAo 2 gh
3.0 0.639 0.852h 0.284h 2
t
0
4
0.610.075
2
2 x9.81h
dh
1
3.0
t 51.676 0.639 0.852h 0.284h 2 h dh 2
3.0 1 1 3
2
t 51.676 0.639h 0.852h 0.284h dh
2 2
0 3.0
0.639h1 2 0.852h 3 2 0.284h 5 2
t 51.676
1 2 3 2 5 2 0
t 51.676 1.278(3)1 2 0.568(3)3 2 0.1136(3)5 2
Problem 25. A hemispherical shell, with base horizontal and uppermost,
is filled with water. If the radius is 2.40 m, determine the time required to
empty through a sharp-edged orifice 150 mm diameter with C = 0.60
located at lowest point.
h1
dV
Solution: t
Y h2 CAo 2 gh
2.40
x 2 dy
t
L.S. C(0, 2.4)
dy x x
0 0.60 (0.15) 2 2 gy
4
dV x 2 dy
h1=2.4 m
2.4
h =y
t 66.892 x 2 y 1 2 dy
X
h2= 0 0
2.4
x 2 ( y 2.40) 2 2.402 t 66.892 (4.80 y y 2 ) y 1 2 dy
0
x y 4.80 y 2.40 2.40
2 2 2 2
2.4
x 4.80 y y
2 2 t 66.892 (4.80 y1 2 y 3 2 )dy
0
2.4
t 66.892 (4.80 y1 2 y 3 2 )dy
0
2 .4
4.80 y 32
y
52
t 66.892
32 5 2 0
t 66.892 3.2(2.4)3 2 0.4(2.4)5 2
t 557.108s 9.285 min
Problem 26. A reservoir has an outlet through a rectangular suppressed
weir with a crest length of 2 m. If its horizontal area is constant of 2000 m2,
how long will it take to lower the reservoir level from elevation 195 m to
elevation 194.80 m. If the crest is at elevation 194.50? Use the Francis
formula.
Elev. 194.8 0 m dH t= ?
H H1=0.50 m
H2=0.30 m
Elev. 194.50 m crest
2.0 m
Elev. 194.8 0 m dH t= ?
H H1=0.50 m
H2=0.30 m
Elev. 194.50 m crest
2.0 m
lost head, Ho
h
y
Datum
1
6. A swimming pool with plan and section shown in figure is filled with
water. It has two short tubes both with diameter 20 cm and C = 0.80 located
at the lowest point. Find the time needed to empty the pool through these
tubes.
Plan 15 m
30 m
1.2 m section
3m
2 tubes
7. A trapezoidal canal, 6 m at the bottom and having side slopes 2
horizontal : 1 vertical carries water to a depth of 40 cm and mean
velocity of 0.60 m/s. What length of a rectangular contracted weir 85
cm high should be placed in the middle of the canal if the depth of
water upstream is to be 1.20 m?
8. What length of Cipolleti weir should be constructed if the measured
head will not exceed 50 cm when the discharge is 3.40 m3/s?
9. A concrete spillway with permanent crest elevation at 100 m controls a
reservoir 4.65 hectares in area. Determine the length of the spillway if,
by removing flashboards, water can be lowered from El. 102 m to El.
101 m in 30 minutes. Use C = 1.94