EXPLORING MAGNETISM

What is a Magnet?

What Materials are Magnetic?

 History of Magnetism
The first known magnets were naturally
occurring lodestones, a type of iron ore
called magnetite (Fe3O4). People of ancient
Greece and China discovered that a
lodestone would always align itself in a
longitudinal direction if it was allowed to
rotate freely. This property of lodestones
allowed for the creation of compasses two
thousand years ago, which was the first
known use of the magnet.
 History of Magnetism

In 1263 Pierre de Maricourt mapped

the magnetic field of a lodestone with
a compass. He discovered that a
magnet had two magnetic poles North
and South poles.
 History of Magnetism

In the 1600's William Gilbert,

physician of Queen
Elizabeth I, concluded that
Earth itself is a giant magnet.
 History of Magnetism

In 1820 the Danish physicist Hans

Christian Ørsted discovered an
electric current flowing through a
wire can cause a compass needle
to deflect, showing that magnetism
and electricity were related.
 History of Magnetism
In 1830 Michael Faraday (British) and
Joseph Henry (American) independently
discovered that a changing magnetic field
produced a current in a coil of wire. Faraday,
who was perhaps the greatest
experimentalist of all time, came up with the
idea of electric and magnetic “fields.” He also
invented the dynamo (a generator), made
major contributions to chemistry, and
invented one of the first electric motors.
 History of Magnetism
In the 19th century James Clerk
Maxwell, a Scottish physicist and
one of the great theoreticians of all
times, mathematically unified the
electric and magnetic forces. He
also proposed that light was
electromagnetic radiation.
 History of Magnetism
In the late19th century Pierre
Curie discovered that magnets
loose their magnetism above a
certain temperature that later
became known as the Curie
point.
 History of Magnetism
In the 1900's scientists discover
superconductivity. Superconductors
are materials that have a zero
resistance to a current flowing through
them when they are a very low
temperature. They also exclude
magnetic field lines (the Meissner
effect) which makes magnetic
levitation possible.
What is a Magnet?

What Materials are Magnetic?

 What is a magnet?
• If a material is magnetic, it has the ability to
exert forces on magnets or other magnetic
materials.
• A permanent magnet is a material that
keeps its magnetic properties even when it
is NOT close to other magnets.
What Do Magnets Do?
Attract or repel other magnets (exert a
force)

Attract other magnetic metals

Have at least 2 distinct ends (poles) each

Like poles repel, opposite poles attract

Notes:
Do not need to touch to exert force (can exert force through
empty space)
Can turn other magnetic metal objects into temporary
magnets
 Properties of Magnets
1. Magnets exert forces on each other.
-magnets have the ability to attract materials
that are magnetic in nature.
-forces of attraction are produced by the
ends of the magnet, the north pole (N) and
the south pole (S), called magnetic poles.
The attraction is the poles and weakest the
center.
Magnetic Properties of Materials
• A small group of metals
have very strong
magnetic properties,
including iron, nickel, and
cobalt.
• These metals are the best
known examples of
ferromagnetic materials.
• Atoms with similar
magnetic orientations line
up with neighboring
atoms in groups called
magnetic domains.
Ferromagnetic materials
 Properties of Magnets
2. Magnets have two
opposite poles.
- The north pole and the
south pole.
- Like poles repel and
unlike poles attract each
other
3. The forces depend on the alignment
of the poles.

- When allowed to hang freely, magnets

always align in one particular direction.
- If you suspend a bar magnet by a thread,
the north pole of the magnet will point
toward pole will point toward the south
pole of the earth.
Earth: A Huge Bar
Magnet Moving molten
iron in Earth’s
outer core
causes most of
Earth’s magnetic
field.

Magnetic field
poles are NOT
aligned with
geographic
poles. They also
wander and flip
(500,000 yrs between
flips, 10,000 yrs to
complete flip).
4. Magnetic poles always occur in pairs.

- The force of magnetic poles behaves like

the force of electric charges. However,
unlike electric charges, magnetic poles
cannot be separated from each other.
 Magnetic Monopole Don’t Exist

Magnetic monopole do not exist, meaning it is impossible to

isolate a N or S pole. The bar magnet on the left is surrounded
by iron filings, which orient themselves according to the
magnetic field they are in. When we try to separate the two
poles by breaking the magnet, we only succeed in producing
two distinct dipoles (pic on right).
 What is a Force? Electric field of 2 like charges
Force is a push or pull that causes a
change in motion.

A Force Field is the pattern in space of

how that force is felt by other objects.

Fundamental Forces arise from

fundamental properties of matter:
Gravity arise from Mass:
mass attracts mass

Electric force arises from

Charge: two kinds of
charge (positive and
negative), like charges
repel and opposite
charges attract
Gravitational
field of a point
of mass Electric field of 2 opposite charges
 Magnetic Field
Magnetic field of a Bar
Magnet: 2 poles, called
North and South

Dipole field

Field has direction: lines

point away from N and
toward S

Definition of a Pole: Where lines meet

(converge)

e.g.: lines of longitude on a globe meet

at poles
 The magnetic field

• All magnets create

a magnetic field in
the space around
them, and the
magnetic field
creates forces on
other magnets.
 22.1 The magnetic field
• The number of field lines in a
certain area indicates the relative
strength of the magnetic field in
that area.
• The arrows on the field lines
indicate the direction of the force.
• The closer the lines are together,
the stronger the field.
• Magnetic field lines always point
away from a magnet’s north pole
and toward its south pole.
 OBJECTIVES
1. Explain the force
due to magnetic
field of Lorentz
Force Law.
2. Explain the
right/left hand rule
in determining the
direction of
magnetic force,
magnetic field and
charge’s velocity.
 SHORT VIDEO CLIP

RIGHT HAND
RULE
Find the direction of the
magnetic force.
 Force Due to Magnetic Field
The force exerted on a charged particle by a magnetic field is
given by the vector cross product:

F = qv  B

Recall that the magnitude of a cross is the product of the

magnitudes of the vectors times the sine of the angle
between them. So, the magnitude of the magnetic force is
given by F = qvBsin
where  is angle between q v and B vectors.
 Magnetic Field Units

F = q v B sin

1 N = 1 C (m/s)(T)
From the formula for magnetic force we can find a relationship
between the tesla and other SI units. The sine of an angle has
no units, so
1N 1N
1T = =
C (m/s) Am
A magnetic field of one tesla is very powerful magnetic
field. Sometimes it may be convenient to use the gauss,
which is equal to 1/10,000 of a tesla. Earth’s magnetic
field, at the surface, varies but has the strength of about
one gauss.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
SAMPLE PROBLEMS