THE GLOBAL

POPUL ATION AND

MOBILIT Y
SUB TOPICS:

•THE GLOBAL CITY

•THE GLOBAL MIGRATION
•THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
 THE GLOBAL CITY
It is in Cities that global operations are centralized and
where we can see the phenomena associated clearly with
their activities, whether these are changes in the structure
of employment, the formation of powerful partnerships, the
development of monumental real estate, the emergence of
new forms of local governance, the effects of organized
crime, the expansion of corruption, the fragmentation of
informal networks or the spatial isolation and social
exclusion of certain population groups.
THE GLOBAL CITY
• Also called WORLD CITY or sometimes
ALPHA CITY or WORLD CENTER
• Is a City which is a primary node in the Global
Economic Network.
• The term “global city” was popularized by
sociologist Saskia Sassen in1991.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GLOBAL CITY
• A variety of financial services, notably in finance,
insurance, real estate, banking, accountancy and
marketing.
• Headquarters of several multinational
corporations.
• The existence of financial headquarters, a stock
exchange and major financial institutions.
• Domination of the trade and economy of a large
surrounding area.
• Major manufacturing centers with port and
container facilities.
• Considerable decision-making power on a daily
basis and at a global level.
• Centers of new ideas and innovation in business,
economics, culture and politics.
 REASON OF INCREASE IN GLOBAL CITIES

The increase in global cities is linked to the

globalization of economics and the
centralization of mass production within
urban centers.
TYPES OF GLOBAL CITIES
1. GLOBAL GIANTS

• These six cities are the world’s leading

economic and financial centers. They are hubs
for financial markets and are characterized by
large populations and a high concentration of
wealth and talent.

Examples: New York City, Tokyo, London, Los

Angeles, Osaka, and Paris
2. ASIAN ANCHORS
• The six Asian Anchor cities are not as wealthy as
the Global Giants, however they are the
command centers in fast growing Asia, drawing
on their infrastructure connectivity and talented
workforce.

Examples: Hong Kong, Seoul, Singapore, Shanghai,

Moscow, and Beijing
 3. EMERGING GATEWAYS
• These 28 cities are transportation and economic entry
points for major regional markets.

Examples: Mumbai, Cape Town, Mexico City, Hangzhou, and

Istanbul
 4. FACTORY CHINA
• There are 22 second and third-tier Chinese cities
reliant on export manufacturing to power economic
growth and international engagement. Although Factory
China displays a GDP growth rate that is well above
average, it fails to reach average levels of innovation,
talent, and connectivity.

Examples: Shenyang, Changchun, Chengdu, Qingdao, and

Zhengzhou
5. KNOWLEDGE CAPITALS
• These are 19 mid-sized cities in the U.S. and
Europe that are considered centers of
innovation, with elite, tech-driven research
universities producing talented workforces.

Examples: San Francisco, Boston, Zurich, San Jose,

Seattle, and Stockholm
6. AMERICAN MIDDLEWEIGHTS

• These 16 mid-sized U.S. metro areas are

relatively wealthy and house strong universities,
as well as other anchor institutions.

Examples: Orlando, Sacramento, Phoenix,

Miami, and Charlotte
7. INTERNATIONAL MIDDLEWEIGHTS
• These 26 cities span across several continents,
internationally connected by human and investment
capital flow.
•
Examples:Vancouver, Melbourne, Brussels, Tel Aviv,
Sidney, Toronto, and Berlin
•Brooking’s data doesn’t include many cities
in the “Global South” whose economies
are not robust enough to compete with
other cities on the list.

•Examples: Jakarta, Manila, Cairo, Las Vegas

Nevada, Dubai, and Naples
 GLOBAL CITY INDEX
• Is a ranking of the most global cities based on 5 aspects of globalization:
1. Business Activity (30%)
• Business activity is scored and ranked on the basis of five factors: number of
international conferences, flow of goods (air and port), capital markets,
number of companies among the top 40 global service firms, and number of
Fortune Global 500 companies with headquarters in the city.
2. Human Capital (30%)
• Human capital is scored and ranked on the basis of five factors: size of a city’s
foreign-born population, quality of its universities, number of international
schools, international student population, and percentage of residents with
university degrees.
 GLOBAL CITY INDEX
3. Information Exchange (15%)
• Information exchange is scored and ranked on the basis of four
factors: number of international news bureaus, level of
censorship, amount of international news in the leading local
papers, and broadband subscriber rate.
4. Cultural Experience (15%)
• Cultural experience is scored and ranked on the basis of six
factors: museums, visual and performing arts, major sporting
events a city hosts, international travelers, diverse culinary
establishments, and sister city relationships.
GLOBAL CITY INDEX

5. Political Engagement (10%)

• Political engagement is scored and ranked on the basis of
five factors: international organizations, embassies and
consulates, think tanks, political conferences, and local
institutions with international reach.
CHALLENGES FACED BY CITIES
• Cities have demonstrated productivity, efficiency and
the multitude of development opportunities and
advantages. However, when cities grow to certain
levels, they start to produce negative impacts such as:
• Overcrowded/Overpopulated
• Social Polarization
• Congestion
• Pollution
MIGRATION

•The movement of people from

one place to another with the
intentions of settling, permanently
or temporarily at a new location.
CATEGORIES OF PEOPLE WHO MIGRATE
•Emigrant – a person who is leaving one
country to live in another.
•Immigrant – a person who is entering a
country from another to make a new home.
•Refugee – a person who has moved to a
new country because of a problem in their
former home.
FOUR MODELS OF MIGRATION
•Classic Model: Immigration is encouraged
by the countries of destination like USA,
Canada and Australia. The only restriction is
annual quotas.
•Colonial Model: Countries are more
tolerant to immigration coming from their
ex-colonies than other countries of origin.
(i.e. immigration to England from the former
British colonies)
•Worker Model: Immigrants are
accepted temporarily as guests
workers to fulfil the demand within
the labour market without
citizenship.
•Illegal Model: Entering an
industrialized country secretly and
work without legal permission.
THE GLOBAL MIGRATION
Why do people move?
SOCIAL FACTORS
Social factors are things that affect someone’s lifestyle. These
could include wealth, religion, buying habits, educational level, family size
and structure and population density.
CULTURAL FACTORS
The idea of culture is vital to understanding the implications
for translation and despite the differences of opinion as to whether
language is a part of culture or not, the two are connected. Culture range
from syntax, ideologies, religion, language and dialect, art and literacy.
WHY DO PEOPLE MOVE?
ECONOMIC FACTORS
Lack of employment opportunities or differentials in employment
opportunities and wages; the lure of a well-paid job in a wealthy country
is a powerful driver of international migration. Lack of educational
institutions across developing countries has also tremendously
contributed to the reasons for migration.
POLITICAL FACTORS
The unattractiveness of agricultural activities, disasters, lack of
basic amenities (roads, electricity, portable water, and inadequate health
care facilities) and industrial ventures in countries have also encouraged
international migration.
 WHY DO PEOPLE MOVE?
• PUSH-PULL FACTOR
In geographical terms, the push-pull factors are those that
drive people away from a place and draw people to a new location. A
combination of push-pull factors helps determine migration or
immigration of particular populations from one land to another.
PUSH FACTOR: REASONS TO LEAVE
Factors that help migrants decide to leave their home.
PULL FACTOR: REASONS TO MIGRATE
Factors that attract people and area where immigrants are
going.
MIGRATION AFFECTS BOTH THE PLACE
OF ORIGIN AND THE PLACE OF
DESTINATION ON THE VARIOUS
ASPECTS SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL,
ECONOMIC, HEALTH AND SOCIAL
ASPECTS
MIGRATION AFFECTS BOTH THE PLACE OF ORIGIN AND
THE PLACE OF DESTINATION ON THE VARIOUS ASPECTS
SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC, HEALTH AND
SOCIAL ASPECTS
Environmental Aspects
Migration of people has the direct effect on both, the place of origin
and the place of destination. Problems like settlement, over-exploitation of
resources, and the pollution of different kinds will be visible.
Economic Aspects
The consequence on the place of origin will be a loss of
economically active groups of the population.
MIGRATION AFFECTS BOTH THE PLACE OF ORIGIN AND
THE PLACE OF DESTINATION ON THE VARIOUS ASPECTS
SUCH AS ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC, HEALTH AND
SOCIAL ASPECTS
Health and Social Aspects
The place of destination are normally those places
where facilities are made available to a limited extent so as
to fulfill the needs of the native dwellers. However, the
places overcrowd with the constant flow of migrants, and
facilities and other needs become insufficient.
DEMOGRAPHY
IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

•Helps the government and society

better prepare in dealing with the
issues and demands of population
growth, aging and migration.
•Demographic data aid in the
development of adequate school
systems, estimate the required
funding for government services
and develop workable healthcare
systems.
ELEMENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY
a. Population size (increasing or
decreasing)
b.Geographic distribution (territory)
c.Composition (sex and age group)
SCOPE OF DEMOGRAPHY
•Macro Demography
-Studies demography in a large scale.
-Studies the causes of slow or rapid
grow of birth rate, population, sex
ratio, and health conditions, etc.
•Micro Demography
-Studies demography in a narrow
scale.
-Studies demography as a small unit
like individual, family, or group. In fact
these units constitute the primary
elements of macro scale analysis.
THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY
The demographic transition theory is a generalized
description of the changing pattern of mortality, fertility, and
growth rates as societies move from one demographic
regime to another.
The term was first coined by the American
Demographer Frank W. Notestein in the mid-twentieth
century, but it has since been elaborated and expanded upon
by many others.
•BIRTH RATE – total percentage of babies
being born in a country relative to its
population.
•FERTILITY RATE – average number of
children born to a woman over a specific
length of time.
•DEATH RATE (MORTALITY RATE) -
the percentage of people who die relative to
the country’s population.
STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC
TRANSITION
STAGE 1 (HIGH STATIONARY)
- High and fluctuating birth and death rates
which will almost neutralize each other.
-People mostly live in rural areas and their
main occupation is agriculture which is in
the stage of backwardness.
- Population size remains fairly
constant but can have major
swings with events such as war
or pandemics.
STAGE 2 (EARLY EXPANDING)
-Death rate is decreasing while the birth
rate remains constant at a high level.
-Rapid population growth.
-Agricultural and industrial productivity
increases, means of transportation and
communication develops.
-There is a great mobility of labor.
-Education expands.
-Income increases.
-More and better quality of food products.
-Medical and health facilities are expanded.
-Many of least developed countries today
are in stage 2.
 Stage 3 (LATE EXPANDING)
-Birth rate as compared to death rate
declines more rapidly.
-Population growth continues, but at a
lower rate.
•Most of developing countries are in stage
3.
•Birth rate falls due to access to
contraception, increase in wages,
urbanization, increase in the status and
education of women, and increase in
educational investment.
STAGE 4 (LATE STATIONARY)
- Birth and death rate are both at a low level
and they are again near balance.
-Have stronger economies, higher levels of
education, better healthcare, a higher
proportion of working women, and a fertility
rate hovering around 2 children per woman.
-Most of developed countries are in stage 4.
STAGE 5 (DECLINING)
- A possible stage 5 would include
countries in which fertility rates have
fallen significantly below replacement
level (2 children) and the elderly
population is greater than the
youthful population.
IS POPULATION
GROWTH A
PROBLEM?
WHY?
•In 1950 there were 2.5 billion
people on the planet. In 2019, there
are 7.7 billion. By the end of the
century the UN expects a global
population of 11.2 billion.
•The more people on earth, the more
resources are required.

•Our earth has a limited carrying capacity

meaning it can only sustain a specific
amount of people before its natural
systems start to fall apart.
•Many scientist believe that we have already
exceeded the earth’s carrying capacity.
• Mass species extinction
• Global climate change
• Air quality
• Desertification
• Loss of fishes
•How can the problems
accompanying population
growth be solved?