GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

SYSTEM (GIS)
• A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system designed to capture,
store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographical data.
• Rooted in science of geography, GIS integrate many types of data.
• It Analyses spatial location and organize layers of information into visualization
using maps and 3D scences
• GIS reveals insight in to data, such as patterns, relationships, situation helping
make smarter decisions
 APPLICATION OF GIS

• Location of features and relationships of other features

• Identify the most and or least feature exists.
• The density of feature in given feature
• Happing inside area of interest
• Process some near by features
• Modification of specific area
 PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Photogrammetry can be defined as the science of making reliable

measurements using photographs or digital photo imagery to locate features
on or above the surface of the earth.
The name “photogrammetry" is derived from the three Greek words photo
which means light, gramma which means letter or something drawn, and
metry means measure.
 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
• The fundamentals principle used by photogrammetry is triangulation.
BRANCHES PHOTOGRAMMETRY

1. Aerial Photogrammetry-stereo plotter-Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

2. Terrestrial Photogrammetry-photo theodolite
3. Space photogrammetry
TYPES PHOTOGRAMMETRY

1. Interpretative photogrammetry
2. Metric photogrammetry
a) Planimetric mapping
b) Topographical Mapping
 DRONES

• Also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are being used

increasingly
• Objective for drone use requires the imagery to be mapped in GIS.
• The purpose of drones is mapping and GIS
 DIRECT READING GRADE RODS

• A grade rod or levelling rod is a graduated rod used to determine

differences in elevation.
• Grade rods can be used with surveyor, optical and laser levels.
• Grade rod are made up of wood, plastic, fibre glass.
• They graduated many ways includes: feet, inches, fractions, centimetre's.
etc.
• The length of grade rod extend up to 25ft.
APPLICATION

• Grade rod is used for determining differences in elevation.

• The actual true elevation above sea level is read on these rods
 3D LASER SCANNING

• Its is increasingly popular tool for collecting vast amount of accurate

spatial data within a short time.
• It collect millions points of individual point measurement within minute.
• The measurements are then plotted within a single XYZ coordinate system
to form ‘point cloud’
 APPLICATION

• Surveying, urban topography, mining, animation and virtual reality

application
• Investigation of roadway periodic investigation and road accident
investigation
 LASER LEVEL

In surveying and construction, the laser level is control tool consisting of

laser beam projector that can be affixed to a tripod, which is levelled
according to the accuracy of the device and which projects a fixed red or
green beam along the horizontal and vertical axis
 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT'S

Earth moving equipment's

1. Skid and crawler loader
2. Trenchers
3. Scrapper
4. Wheeled loading shovels
 SKID AND CRAWLER LOADER

• Skid steer loader are versatile machines, they fit into small spaces, can turn
within a tight radius, and are easy to operate.
• A skid steer loaders is a hydraulic workhorse. Hydrostatic transmissions
controls forward and reverse control direction.
• Hydrostatic valves control the flow of hydraulic oil to steer the machine by
skidding it sharply around the corners.
• Hydraulic cylinders raise and lower arms and tilt the load bucket.
 APPLICATION

• A skid steer used to in place of large excavators by digging a hole from

hole
• It used to carry material out of hole. The skid loader reshapes the ramp
making it steeper and longer.