TRIP GENERATION & TRIP

DISTRIBUTION
 FUNDAMENTALS OF TRIP GENERATION

• Every trip has two ends, and we need to know where both of them are.
Because land use can be divided into two broad category (residential and non-
residential) we have models that are household based and non-household
based.
• Trip generation is thought of as a function of the social and economic attributes
of households
• The first part is determining how many trips originate in a zone and the second
part is how many trips are destined for a zone aka “productions” and attractions
• Production and attractions differ from origins and destinations. Trips are
produced by households even when they are returning home (that is, when the
household is a destination).
 ACTIVITIES FOR TRIP GENERATION
• Trips are categorized by purposes, the activity undertaken at a destination
location.
• Major activities are home, work, shop, school, eating out, socializing,
recreating, and serving passengers (picking up and dropping off).
• There are numerous other activities that people engage on a less than daily or
even weekly basis, such as going to the doctor, banking, etc. Often less
frequent categories are dropped and lumped into the catchall "Other".
Trip Purpose Males Females Total
Work 4000 3691 7691
Work related 1325 698 2023

Attending school 495 465 960

Other school
108 134 242
activities

Childcare,daycare,aft
111 115 226
erschoolcare

Quickstop 45 51 96
 SPECIFYING MODELS

• The number of trips originating from or destined to a purpose in a zone

are described by trip rates (a cross-classification by age or demographics
is often used) or equations.
Home-Trips

Work-Trips

Shopping-Trips
 ESTIMATING MODELS
• To estimate trip generation at the home end, a cross-classification model
can be used. This is basically constructing a table where the rows and
columns have different attributes, and each cell in the table shows a
predicted number of trips, this is generally derived directly from data.
• The trip generation rates for both “work” and “other” trip ends can be
developed using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression relating trips to
employment by type and population characteristics.

The variables used in estimating trip rates for the work-end are Employment in Offices , Retail , and Other
 NORMALIZATION

For each trip purpose (e.g. home to work trips), the number of trips
originating at home must equal the number of trips destined for work.
Two distinct models may give two results. There are several techniques
for dealing with this problem. One can either assume one model is
correct and adjust the other, or split the difference.
It is necessary to ensure that the total number of trip origins equals the
total number of trip destinations, since each trip interchange by
definition must have two trip ends.
 S AMPLE PROBLEM

Where:
 = Person Trips Originating in from a zone
 = Person Trips Destined for zone
 = Number of Households in originating zone

Variable City A City B

  10000 15000
  8000 10000
  3000 5000
  2000 1500

A. What are the number of person trips originating in and destined for each city?
B. Normalize the number of person trips so that the number of person trip origins = the number of
person trip destinations. Assume the model for person trip origins is more accurate.
SAMPLE PROBLEM-SOLUTION

Destinations
  Origins ()
()
i 15000 16000
j 22500 20750
Total 375000 367500

Normalized
Adjustment Rounde
Origins Destinations () Destinations
Factor d
()
i 15000 16000 1.0204 16326.53 16327
j 22500 20750 1.0204 21173.47 21173
Total 37500 36750 1.0204 37500 37500
TRIP DISTRIBUTION
 GENERAL FORM
Tij = Ti*P(Tj)

Tij = calculated trips from zone i to zone j

Ti = total trips originating at zone i
P(Tj) = probability measure that trips will be attracted to zone j

Singly Constrained
Sumi Tij = Dj OR Sumj Tij
= Oi
Doubly Constrained
Sumi Tij = Dj AND Sumj Tij =
Oi
 FRICTION FACTOR MODEL
• Friction factors express the effect that travel time has on the number of trips
traveling between two zones.
Exponential

Inverse
Power

Gamma

• Friction factors were developed using a gamma function to estimate the friction factors
and application of the trip distribution model to identify the best-fit for the average trip
length and trip length frequency distributions.
FRATAR/GROWTH FACTOR MODEL

Tij = Ti (Tj / T)
•Tij = present trips from zone i to
zone j
•Ti = total trips originating at zone i
•Tj = total trips ending at zone j
•T = total trips in the entire study

For future trip distribution

Tij*estimation
= Tij(Fi*Fj) / F
•Tij* = Tij(Fi*Fj) / F
•Fi = Ti* / Ti
•Fj = Tj* / Tj
•F = T* / T
•* = estimated future trips
 GRAVITY MODEL

The Gravity Model assumes that the number of trips between two zones is
1.directly proportional to the trips produced and attracted to both zones, and
2.inversely proportional to the travel time between the zones.
The gravity model is much like Newton's theory of gravity. The gravity model assumes that the
trips produced at an origin and attracted to a destination are directly proportional to the total
trip productions at the origin and the total attractions at the destination. 

Where:
•Tij = trips produced at i and attracted at j
•Pi = total trip production at i
•Aj = total trip attraction at j
•F ij = a calibration term for interchange ij, (friction factor) or traveltime factor (                  )
•C= calibration factor for the friction factor
•Kij = a socioeconomic adjustment factor for interchange ij
•i = origin zone
•n = number of zones
 COMPARISON OF MODELS

Model Advantages Disadvantages

1.Does not reflect changes in

Simple, Easy to balance
the frictions between zones,
Growth Factor origin and destination trips
2. Does not reflect changes
at any zone
in the network

Specific account of friction Requires extensive

Gravity and interaction between calibration, Long iterative
zones process