OPEN SYSTEM

INTERCONNECTION MODEL
(OSI)
WHAT IS THE OSI MODEL

• The OSI model is the framework or pathway that bits and bytes of data
follow
• It groups protocols used in network communication into specific layers
OSI MODEL VS TCP/IP MODEL
HOW DOES IT WORK?
• Data is broken down into bits
and bytes then recompiled by
the protocols of the OSI
model
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

• Referenced to in order to trouble

shoot network issues
APPLICATION LAYER

• The application layer contains various application protocols used by

computer applications in order to function properly over or throughout the
network.
PRESENTATION LAYER

• This layer can be broken down to 3 functions:

• Translation
• Data Compression
• Encryption/Decryption
PRESENTATION LAYER

TRANSLATION
• this particular function translates the original data from characters and
numbers into binary sequence that machines understand
PRESENTATION LAYER

DATA COMPRESSION
• This reduces the amount of space used to store the original file
PRESENTATION LAYER

DATA ENCRYPTION
• To maintain the integrity of the data, the compressed binary code is then
encrypted
PRESENTATION LAYER
SESSION LAYER

• This layer is in charge of setting up and terminating connections

SESSION LAYER

•  The server preforms a function called "authentication"

SESSION LAYER

• "authorization" is then checked

SESSION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER

This layer controls the reliability of communication through

• Segmentation
• Flow Control
• Error Control
TRANSPORT LAYER

SEGMENTATION
• Data from the session layer is divided into smaller data units called segments
• contains a source and destination port number and a sequence number
TRANSPORT LAYER

FLOW CONTROL
• Controls the amount of data being transmitted, it is adjusted as required to
ensure that no data is lost
TRANSPORT LAYER

ERROR CONTROL
• an "Automatic Repeat Request" is done by the receiving device to re-transmit
the corrupted or lost data segments.
• bits called "Checksum" is added to each sent segment
 TRANSPORT LAYER

SERVICES PREFORMED AND CORRESPONDING PROTOCOLS

TCP UDP
Slower Faster
Provides feedback so that lost data Does not provide feedback (hence
can be retransmitted speed)
Used where full data delivery is a Used where it doesn't matter if all data
must. is received or not.
i.e. World wide web, email, file i.e. Online streaming of music and
transfer protocol (FTP), etc. movies, games, voice over
id, Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
TRANSPORT LAYER

Transport layer preforms:

• Segmentation
• Flow Control
• Error Control
• Connection-oriented and Connectionless Transmissions
• And transfers data to the next layer down.
NETWORK LAYER

• This layer is responsible for transmitting and receiving data segments from
one computer to another located in different networks
This layer has 3 interconnecting functions:
• Logical Addressing
• Routing
• Path Determination
NETWORK LAYER
LOGICAL ADDRESSING
• IP addressing
• data segment is assigned an Sending IP address & Receiving IP address
which qualifies it as a "data packet"
NETWORK LAYER

ROUTING
• the method or way of moving data packets from it's source to it's destination.
NETWORK LAYER
NETWORK LAYER

PATH DETERMINATION
• The best possible path between
sending device and receiving device is
chosen
• Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
• IS-IS (intermediate system to
intermediate system)
NETWORK LAYER

• Responsible for transmitting and receiving data segments from one computer
to another located in different networks.
Encompasses 3 connected functions:
• Logical Addressing
• Routing
• Path Determination
DATA LINK LAYER

• First receives packets from the network layer where it is turned into a
"frame"
DATA LINK LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER

1. Access media
2. Controls how data is placed and received
DATA LINK LAYER

ACCESS MEDIA
• done through framing
DATA LINK LAYER

CONTROLS HOW DATA IS PLACED

AND RECEIVED
• This function uses the following
A. Media Access Control
• This is used to get the frame on and off the
media
• CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access)
DATA LINK LAYER

B. ERROR DETECTION
• The tail of each frame contains bits used to detect errors
DATA LINK LAYER

• Access media through framing

• Control and receive media through Media Access Control and Error
Detection
PHYSICAL LAYER

• Converts binary sequence into physical signals

THANKYO
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