Engine Classification,Parts

Identification

To ..
Head:yousef alkhattam
V.H : ahmed ashraf

By:saad yasser saad

Internal combustion engines can be classified in many ways.

The most common methods used to classified engines

are :
• Cycle
• Valve location
• Cylinder arrangment
• Types of fuel used
• Cooling system
• Number of cylinder
 Cycle classification

four-Stroke Two-Stroke
Cycle Engine Cycle Engine
In both engines we will talk about

an introduction

Components of engine

Engine operation

Advantages and disadvantages of engine(comparison)

Engine uses
 four-Stroke Cycle Engine
A 4 stroke engine is an internal combustion engine.
It is called a 4 stroke engine because all 4 processes
i.e. intake, compression, combustion and exhaust
in 4 different strokes

Notes:
• The basic engine ,which was discussed in the
first two chapters,is a four-stroke cycle engine.
4 stroke-cycle engine operation
Intake

Compression

Combustion

exhaust
 4 stroke-cycle engine uses

• All modern vehicle engines use the four-stroke cycle

engine.

p-v diagram
 Two-Stroke Cycle Engine

A two-stroke engine is a type of internal combustion

engine which completes a power cycle with two strokes
(up and down movements) of the piston during only one
crankshaft revolution.
2 stroke-cycle engine operation
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. firing
4. transfer/exhaust

The two stroke cycle engine performs the intake,

compression ,firing ,and exhaust sequence in one revolution
of the crankshaft .This is done by eliminating the poppet
valves used in the four stroke cycle engine.Inplace of the
valves ,two ports enter the cylinder wall.
 advantages
2 stroke 4 stroke
Two stroke engines do not Far better fuel economy
have valves which are easy Far better emissions
to construct and lowers
Higher reliability in
their weight
Power is produced once thermally difficult
during 2 strokes of the situations
piston  almost no oil
These Engines often consumption
provide high power-to-
weight ratio
 disadvantages
2 stroke
Two stroke engines do not
last as long as four stroke
engines
Two stroke oil is expensive
Two stroke engines are
Less Efficient
Two stroke engines
produce a lot of pollution
4 stroke
far more complex to
manufacture
worse weight to power ratio
less smooth operation,
because each cylinder fires
only every second
revolution
requires frequent oil
changes
Any questions?
 Valve Location Classification

Engines are also clasified according to valve location

The various valve arrangments are known as the
• L-HEAD
• T-HEAD
• F-HEAD
• I-HEAD
 • Has both valves in the block and on the same side
L-HEAD
of cylinder
• The line drawn through the cylinder and across to
the valves will product the letter (L).

• Both valves are in the block and on oppositr

T-HEAD
sides of cylinder.

F-HEAD • Places one valve in the head and one in the

block.

I-HEAD • Both valves are located in the cylinder head

 T-HEAD
T-head flathead engines have a crossflow layout, with the exhaust valves on
the opposite side from the inlet valves. A single-cylinder T-head engine
needs only a single camshaft, multi-cylinder T-heads need two.
 F-HEAD
The F-head can be thought of as a
:combination of L-head and I-head
the intake manifold and its valves are
located a top the cylinders (in the
cylinder head, as in an I-head design)
and are operated by pushrods, but
the exhaust manifold and its valves
are located beside the cylinders (in
.the block, as in an L-head design)
 I-HEAD
OR
OVERHEAD VALVE ENGINE
In the I-head engine, both valves are located in the cylinder head

Arranged in

Straight
staggered
line
Overhead
camshaft I-head

Some I-head
engines mount the
camshaft in the
head. Either one or
two shafts can be
used. When an
overhead camshaft
is used, pushrods
are not required.
Valve-to-Piston Clearanc
 DETONATION
AND PRE-IGNIATION
DETONATION PRE-IGNIATION
Detonation occurs when Pr-eignition is the

the fuel/air mixture is uncontrolled igniting of

subject to very high the fuel/air mixture
temperatures in the before the spark plug
cylinder and fires
spontaneously combusts
Combustion chamber design

HEMISPHERICAL
RICARDO WEDGE
COMBUSTION
COMBUSTION COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
CHAMBER CHAMBER
 Cylinder Classification

Cylinder placement gives rise to one of the most

common methods of engine classification.

Horizontally
Inline V-Type
Opposed
Engine Engine
Engines
 Firing order
Firing order refers to the sequence in which the
cylinders fire. Firing orders are given in order from the
front of the engine to the rear. The order in which the
engine misfire is determined by the number of cylinders
and the arrangement of the crankshaft throws
 Cooling system

• Air cooling system • Liquid cooling system

 Fuel Classification
• Gasolin • LNG • Biodiesel
• Diesel fule • CNG • Natural gas
• Gasohol • LPG • Gas natural
GASOLIN
 Powers the majority of veicles.
Diesel fule
 Powers some vehicle.
LNG
 liquefied natural gas.
CNG
 compressed natural gas.
LPG
 liqefied propane gas.
Biodiesel
 made from plants and animal fats.
natural gas
 some vehicle operate on it.
 method of fuel delivery
Ulitize the same basic type of engine
 Gasolin
 LNG
 CNG
 LPG

Ulitize a slightly different fuel delivery setup

 LNG
 CNG
 LPG

NOTE:
Diesel engines dont use an ignition system
 Engine Mounting

• This helps isolate engine vibrations from the vehicle body

• It also eases torque
• Are used to support the engine and to minimize torque
deflections.
Any question?