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Raising a new Generation of Leaders

Chemical Engineering
Course Title: Chemical Engineering Process Analysis 1
Course Code CHE 310
3 Units

Course Lecturer: Engr. Mrs. O.G Abatan and Engr P. A.

Alaba
 Conversion of unitis
• 
•

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 example
• 500 kg to lbm
• (2.2 lbm=1 kg)
• 400 cm2 to mm2
• (1 cm=10 mm)2

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 Tutorials
• Consider the following equation of motion:
• C (ft) = 5 t(s) – 3
• Derive an equivalent equation for distance in meters
and
• time in minutes.

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 OPERATIONS OF UNITS
• Addition/subtraction of units
• Multiplication/ division of units

 
 

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 How to check for consistency in dimensions

• In
  all equations each variable must have the same
dimension.

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 What is a dimensionless quantity

• The
  are quantities without units or dimesions. Eg Reynolds
number
• Re=
•
• Uses of Dimensionless Quantities
• Used in arguments of special functions such as exponential,
• logarithmic, or trigonometric functions.
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 Example on Dimensional Consistency
• The
  density of a fluid is given by the empirical
equation
•
• where = density in (lbm/ft3) and P = pressure
(lbf/in2).
• a. What are the units of 70.5 and 8.27x10-7?
• b. Derive a formula for (g/cm3) and P (N/m2)
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 Process
What is a Process
• A process is a series of actions or steps taken in order to
achieve a particular end.
• A process is any operation by which a particular objective is
accomplished.
• “A process is a series of operations involving the physical,
chemical, or biological transformation of an input material for
the purpose of achieving a desired product material.”
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 Process
• In an "engineering" sense, a chemical process is a
method intended to be used in manufacturing or on an
industrial scale to change the composition of
chemical(s) or material(s), usually using technology
similar or related to that used in chemical plants or the
chemical industry.

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 Process
• In an "engineering" sense, a chemical process is a
method intended to be used in manufacturing or on an
industrial scale to change the composition of
chemical(s) or material(s), usually using technology
similar or related to that used in chemical plants or the
chemical industry.

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 Process
• a chemical process is a method or means of somehow
changing one or more chemicals (reactants) or
chemical compounds into desired products.

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• Processes can presented as block flow diagrams or
process flow diagrams.

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 Process variables
• Process variables are parameters measured in other to
characterize or describe a chemical process. A process
variable, process value or process parameter is the
current measured value of a particular part of a
process which is being monitored or controlled.

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 Process variables
• This variables can be divided into two
A. Material and chemical composition
• Mass
• Volume
• Mole
B. Process conditions
• Tempature
• Pressure

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 MASS AND VOLUME
• density:
  mass per unit volume, Density can be defined
as the Ratio of mass per unit volume.
•

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• 1. Densities of gases depend on pressure and temperature.
• 2. Densities of solids and liquids do not change
significantly with pressure at ordinary conditions but
change with temperature.
• The density of a substance can be used as a conversion
factor to relate the mass and the volume of a quantity of
the substance.

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 MASS AND VOLUME
• Specific
  volume: volume per unit mass, m3/kg
• Specific gravity: SG = /

• The most commonly used as reference material for liuid

and solid is water at 4 oC
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• The most commonly used as reference material for
gases and is air
• The temperature at which each density is measured is
very important.

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• Calculate the density of mercury in lb /ft3 from a
tabulated specific gravity, and calculate the volume
• in ft3 occupied by 215 kg of mercury given that the
specific density is 13.546

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• All
  processes involve the transportation of materials or
reactants. The rate at which this material moved are
referred to as the mass flowrate or the volumetric flow
rate
• mass flow rate of the fluid is = (kg/s)2 ,
• volumetric flow rate of the fluid at the given cross
section = m3 /s),
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• However, the mass and the volume of a fluid, that
passes through the cross section each second are not
independent quantities but are related through the fluid
density
• 

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 FLOW METER
• Flow meters are devices used in measuring flow rates. They are
mounted in a process line for the purpose of continuous reading
during a process.
• The two types of flow meter commonly used are rotameter and the
orifice meter
• 
• ROTAMETER
• It is a tapered vertical tube containing a float; the larger the flow rate,
the higher the float rises in the tube.
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 FLOW METER
• ORIFICE METER
• The orifice meter is an obstruction in the flow channel
with a narrow opening through which the fluid passes.
The fluid pressure decreases from the upstream side of
the orifice to the downstream side; the pressure drop
• varies with the flow rate
• the greater the flow rate, the larger the pressure drop.
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FLOW METER

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• A) roatameter b) an orifice meter

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 Mole and Molecular weight
• The atomic weight of an element is the mass of an
atom on a scale that assigns
• The molecular weight of a compound is the sum of the
atomic weights of the atoms that constitute a molecule
of the compound:
• e.g H2O

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 Mole and Molecular weight
• The mole unit refers to a certain number of molecules,
atoms, or subatomic
• particles.
• The mole is the amount of substance that contains as
many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012
kg of carbon 12” – 1969 International Committee on
Weights and Measures
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 Mole and Molecular weight
• It can also be said that it Contains Avogadro’s number
of entities (molecule, atom,
• or any particles) – 6.02 x 1023
• Amount of a chemical species whose mass is equal to
its molecular weight. When the molecular weight of a
substance is said to M, it means that Mkg/kmol,
mg/gmol or Mlbm/lb-mole
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 Mole and Molecular weight
• The molecular weight can be used to know the exact
amount of moles in a substance.
•  1 kmol = 1000 gmol
• 1 lbmol = 454.54 gmol

• Convert 34kg of NH3 to kmol and lb-mole

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• The molecular weight of a substance can also be relate
the mass flowrate to the molar flow rate.
• For example, if carbon dioxide
• (CO : 44 0) flows through a pipeline at a rate of 100
kg/h, the molar flow rate of the

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