DEFINITION

• A “disaster” can be defined as “any occurrence

that causes damage , ecological disruption, loss
of human life or deterioration of health & health
services property damage loss of livelihoods
and services and environment damage.

BY K. PARK
• The term disaster implies unexpected and
significantly large rush of causalities
caused by natural calamity or man made
disaster.
(1)Disaster is an unforcing unknown
event of which coause type, date,
time, and strength of damage are
unlimited.”

(2) The term disaster amply unexpected

and significant large risk of casually
caused by natural calamite or men
made disaster.
MEANING OF DISASTER
• D= destruction
• I= incidence
• S = sufferings
• A = administrative, financial failure
• S = sentiments
• T = tragedies
• E = eruption of communicable disease.
• R = research programme & its implementations.
Metrological disaster

• Violent, sudden and destructive

change to the environment related
to, produced by, or affecting the
earth's atmosphere, especially the
weather-forming processes
 A temporary overflow of a normally
dry area due to overflow water,
unusual buildup, runoff of surface
FLOOD waters, or abnormal erosion
Floods can also be overflow of
mud flow caused by buildup of
water underground.

TSUNAMI

an unusually large sea wave produced by

a seaquake or undersea volcanic
eruption ( jawalamukhi )

CYCLONE
Cyclones are Large revolving storms
( ghumaavdaar tufan ) caused by
winds ( high speed round air )
blowing around a central area of
low atmospheric pressure
TOPOGRAPHICAL
• Disasters caused by
movements and
deformation of the
earth's crust
 a sudden violent
earthquake shaking of the ground,
typically causing
great destruction, as
a result of
movements within the
earth's crust or
volcanic
( jawalamukhi ) action.
 BIOLOGICAL DISASTER
• Biological warfare (BW), also known as germ
warfare, is the deliberate use of disease-
causing biological agents such as protozoa,
fungi, bacteria, parasites , or viruses, to kill or
incapacitate
• humans, other animals or plants. Biological
weapons (often referred to as bioweapons) are
living organisms or replicating (virus) that
reproduce or replicate within their host victims
 EPIDEMICS OF
COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES

a widespread occurrence of an infectious

disease in a community at a particular time.
SOCIOLOGICAL
DISASTE ,
TECHNOLOGICAL
TRANSPOTATION
VIOLENCER DISASTER
ACCIDENTS
•BIO CHEMICAL
RAILS
•FIRE
•TERIRRIOSM •EXPLOSION
SPACE
•WAR
violence - behaviour
involving physical
force intended to
hurt, damage, or kill
someone or
something, strength
of emotion or of a
destructive.
 .

War is defined as a conflict

between to large groups of
population, which involves physical
force, violence and the use of
weapons ( piston ).

War has destroyed entire cultures,

countries, economies and inflicted great
suffering on humanity
 Terrorism is defined as an act that is violent or
dangerous to human life,
with the intent of furthering political or social objectives.
 Industrial disasters occur in a commercial
context, such as mining accidents. They often
have an environmental impact. The Bhopal
disaster is the industrial disaster

dangerous gas methyl

isocyanate escaped from
an insecticide plant
A nuclear explosion is an explosion that
occurs as a result of the rapid release of
energy from a high-speed nuclear
reaction. ... It is possible to have an air-
burst nuclear explosion without those
clouds. Nuclear explosions produce
radiation and radioactive debris.
A power outage is an interruption of normal sources
of electrical power.
 Fire is the rapid oxidation
of a material in the chemical process of
combustion, releasing heat, light,
and various reaction products.
An aviation incident is an
occurrence other than an
accident, associated with the
operation of an aircraft, which
affectsor could affect the
safety of operations,
passengers, or pilots
Ain aviation accidents can be of natural, technical or human
origin, such as mechanical breakdowns, negligence or terrorist
attacks
TraffiC collisions are the leading
cause of death, and road-based
pollution creates a substantial
health hazard, especially in major
Space travel presents
significant hazards, mostly
to the direct participants
(astronauts or
cosmonauts and ground
support personnel), but also
carry the potential of
disaster to the public at
large. Accidents related to
space travel have killed 22
astronauts and cosmonauts,
and a larger number of
people on the ground.
Accidents can occur on the
ground during launch,
preparation, or training, or in
flight, due to equipment
malfunction or the naturally
hostile environment of space
itself.
DISASTER AGENT
Primary agents include falling buildings,
heat , rising ,water and smoke.
Secondary agents include bacteria and
viruses that produce
contamination or infection after the primary
agent has caused
injury or destruction.
HOST
 Human kind.
Age, sex, immunization status, pre-existing
health, degree of
mobility, emotional stability,
ENVIRONMENT
 PHYSICAL FACTORS
 CHEMICAL FACTOR
 BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
 SOCIAL FACTORS
PSYCHOLOGICAL
FACTORS
Phases of a Disaster
 MITIGATION
• Lessen (observation ) the impact
of a disaster before it strikes (war)
• Activities that reduce or eliminate a
hazard
• Prevention
• Risk reduction
• Examples
• Immunization programs
• Public education
PREPAREDNESS
• Activities undertaken to handle a
disaster when it strikes
• Activities that are taken to build
capacity and identify resources that
may be used
• Emergency communication plan
• Preventive measures to prevent spread
of disease
• Public Education
• Disaster preparedness - is ongoing multisectoral activity.
• Integral part of the national system responsible for
developing plans and programmers for disaster management,
• prevention,
• mitigation,
• response,
• rehabilitation and
• reconstruction.
• Co-ordination of a variety of sectors to carry out-
•  Evaluation of the risk.
•  Adopt standards and regulations.
•  Organize communication and response
mechanism.
•  Ensure all resources- ready and easily
mobilized.
•  Develop public education
programmers.
•  Coordinate information with news
media.
•  Disaster simulation exercises.
 RESPONSE
 Responsed phase is the intervention of the disaster
response activities need to be continually monitored
and adjusted to the changing situation and during a
disaster to reduce the loss of human lives property
damage , (and responders if necessary). Activities a
hospital, healthcare system, or public health agency
take immediately before, during, and after a disaster
or emergency occurs
 RECOVERY
• Getting a community back to its pre-disaster status
• Activities undertaken by a community and its components after
an emergency or disaster to restore minimum services and
move towards long-term restoration.
• Debris Removal
• Care and Shelter (assessment )
• Damage Assessments
• Funding Assist
PREVENTION LEVELS IN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
• Primary Prevention
• Secondary Prevention
• Tertiary Prevention
 PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
• Prevent the disaster
• Minimize casualties
• Prevent further casualties
• Rescue the victims
• First aid
• Evacuate (remove frome a place of danger to a safe
place)
• Medical care
• Reconstruction
(1) Prevent the occurrence of the
whenever possible.
disaster
(2)Minimize the number of casualties if
the disaster cannot be prevented.
(3)Prevent further casualties from occurring after
the initial impact of the disaster.
(4) Rescue the victims.
(5) Provide first aid to the injured.
(6) evacuate the injured to medical facilities.
(7) Provide definitive medical care.
(8) Promote reconstruction of lives.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Thereare three fundamental management
of disaster management:
• disaster response.
• Disaster preparedness.
• Disaster mitigation.
These three aspects of disaster management
corresponds to different phases in the so
– called “disaster cycle”.
 Risk reduction phase
before disaster .

Disaster

impact
Preparedness

Response

Mitigation
Rehabilitation

Reconstruction
Recovery phase after a disaster
RESPONSE
• TRIAGE is a process of determining
the priority of patients treatments based
on the severity of their condition. Triage
categories separate patient’s according to
severity of injuries & use of color code
tagging system so that the triage
categories is immediately obvious. It
consist of four color- red , yellow, green, &
black. Each color signifies the different
level of priority.
Triage
Category
IMMIEDIATE: injuries are life
Threatening with minimal
Interventions.
DELAYED: injuries are signi-
ficant & require medical care,
but can wait hours without
threat to life or limb.
MINIMAL: injuries are minor
& treatment can be delayed
hours to days.
EXPACTENT: injuries are
extensive & chances of
survival. Comfort measures
should be provided when
possible.
prio- color typical condition
rity
1 red sucking chest wound, airway obstruct-
ion, shock, hemothorax, tension pneu-
mothorex, asphyxia, open fracture of
Long bones, 2nd /3rd degree burn of
15-40 % total body surface area.
2 yellow stable abdominal wounds with out evi-
dence of significant hemorrhage, soft
tissue injuries, maxillofacial wounds,
Vascular injuries, GI tract disruption,
fracture debridement, CNS injuries.
3 upper extremities fractures, minor bur-
Green ns, sprains, small lacerations with out
Bleeding, behavioral disorders or
psychological disturbances.
4 unresponsive patients with penetrating
Black head wounds, high spinal cord injuries,
2nd &3rd degree burn with 60% of body
surface area, seizures or vomiting,
Shock, multiple injuries, agonal respi-
ration; no pulse & BP, pupil fixed &
S.NO TRIAGE PRIORITY COLOUR TYPICAL CONDITION
CATEGORY

1. IMMEDIATE – 1. RED chest wound, airway

injuries are life obstruction, asphyxia, open
threatening with fracture of long bones, 2nd /
minimal 3rd degree burn of 15-40% of
intervention total body surface area.

2. Delayed – 2. yellow Stable abdominal wound

injuries are without evidence of
significant and significance hemorrhage,
require medical soft tissue injury,
care, but can maxillofacial wound,
wait without vascular injury, G.I tract
threat to life or disruption, fracture
limb debridement, CNS injury.
S.NO TRIAGE PRIORITY COLOUR TYPICAL CONDITION
CATEGORY

3. Minimal – 3 Green Upper extremities fracture,

injuries are minor burns, sprains,
minor and laceration without bleeding,
treatment can behavioral disorder or
be delay psychological disturbance.
hours to days.

4. Expectant – 4 Black Unresponsive patient with

injuries are penetrating head wounds,
expectant and high spinal cord injury, 2nd
chances of or 3rd degree burn with 60%
survival, of body surface area,
comfort seizures, shock, multiple
measure should injuries, no pulse & B.P
be provided pupil fixed and dilated.
when possible.
TRIAGE (CATEGORIZING)
 Red - high priority
 Yellow - medium priority
 Green – ambulatory
 Black – death
• TEAMS

• Fire Damage Restoration

• Water Cleanup
• Mold Removal
• Storm Damage Cleanup & Restoration Certified Technicians Professional
Work Furniture Handling
• Flood Water Removal
• On-Site Consultation Insurance Claim Specialists
• Medical superintendent /Director
• Additional medical superintendent
• Nursing superintendent /Chief nursing officer
• Chief medical officer(Casualty)
• Head of departments(surgery, medicine, orthopedics',
radiology)
• Blood bank in charge
• Officer in charge stores
• Security officers
• Dietician
• Transport officer
• Sanitary superintendent
 POLICY
 THE POLICY DEVELOPMENT IS THE FORMAL
STATEMENT OF A COURSE OF ACTION.
POLICY IS STRATEGIC IN NATURE
&PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS :

 1. ESTABLISH LONG TERM GOALS

 2.ASIGN RESPONSIBILITIES
FOR ACHIEVING
GOALS.
 3.ESTABLISH RECOMMENDED
WORK PRACTICE.
 4.DETERMINE CRITERIA FOR
DECISION MAKING .
 Prevention of danger or treat of any disaster

 Mitigation (loss) or reduction of risk of any disaster

 Capacity building including research and knowledge

management

 Preparedness to deal with any disaster

 To response to any threatening disaster situation or

disaster

 Evacuation prevention and relief

 Rehabilitation and reconstruction

 EQUIPMENTS IN DISASTER MANAGMENT
• Sterile adhesive bandages in assorted sizes
• 2-inch sterile gauze pads (4-6)
• 4-inch sterile gauze pads (4-6)
• Hypoallergenic adhesive tape
• Triangular bandages (3)
• 2 inch sterile roller bandages
• (3 rolls)
• 3inch sterile roller bandages (3 rolls)
• Scissors
• Tweezer
• s Needle
Moistene
• Antiseptic
• Thermometer
• Tongue blades (2)
• Tube of petroleum
• jelly or other
• lubricant
• IV fluids with set,bllod set for collection of blood samples
• Cleansing agent/soap
• Latex gloves (2 pair)
• Sunscreen
Dressing and
sucture materials
• Medication which included antibiotics ,analgesic, anti
inflammatory
• Oxygen cylinder
• Suctioning unit
• Ventilation device
• Airway management
• Basic wound care supply and splinting supply
• Patent transfer equipment
• Personal safety eq
• Safety eye cover
• OTHERS
• Air lifting bag
• Fire alarm system
• Lift jacket
• Bome detector
equipments
• Non-Prescription Drugs
• Aspirin or nonaspirin pain reliever
• Anti-diarrhea medication
• Antacid (for stomach upset)
• Syrup of Ipecac (use to induce vomiting if advised by the
Poison Control Center)
• Laxative
• Activated charcoal (use if advised by the Poison Control
Center)
• Sanitation
• Toilet paper, towelettes*
• Soap, liquid detergent*
• Feminine supplies*
• Personal hygiene items*
• Plastic garbage bags, ties (for personal sanitation uses)
• Plastic bucket with tight lid
• Disinfectant
• Household chlorine bleach
 CHILDREN'S
• Special Items

Remember family members with special needs, such as

infants and elderly or disabled persons.
• For Baby*:
• Formula
• Diapers
• Bottles
• Powdered milk
• Medications
 ADULT
S
• For Adults*:
• Heart and high blood pressure medication
• Insulin
• Prescription drugs
• Denture needs ( teeth realated )
• Contact lenses and supplies
• Extra eye glasses
• Entertainment: games and
books.
 IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS

• Important Documents

Keep these records in a waterproof, portable container:

• Will, insurance policies, contracts, deeds, stocks and
bonds
• Passports, social security cards, immunization records
• Bank account numbers
• Credit card account numbers and companies
• Inventory of valuable household goods, important
telephone numbers
• Family records (birth, marriage, death
certificates)
 FOODS AND WATER SUPPLY
• Include a selection of the following foods in your Disaster
Supplies Kit:
• Ready-to-eat canned meats, fruits and vegetables
• Canned juices, milk, soup (if powdered, store extra water)
• Staples: sugar, salt, pepper
• High energy foods: peanut butter, jelly, crackers, granola
bars, trail mix
• Vitamins
• Foods for infants, elderly persons or persons on special
• diets
Comfort/stress foods: cookies, hard candy, sweetened
cereals, lollipops, instant coffee, tea bags
• Store water in plastic containers such as soft drink bottles.
Avoid using containers that will decompose or break,
such as milk cartons or glass bottles. A normally active
person and effected and old persons needs to drink
 REHABILITATION AND
RECONSTRATIONS
The final phase of disaster lead to a restoration of the pre-
disaster conditions. Rehabilitation starts from very first
moment of a disaster. In first weeks after disaster, the pattern
of health needs, will change rapidly, moving from causality
treatment to more routine primary health care. Some of them
are as follows-
• a) water supply
• b) food safety
• c) basic sanitation & personal hygiene
• d) vector control
 ROLES
ROLE OF A NURSE IN DISASTER RESPONSE…
 Immediate post disaster intervention:-
 Establish safety.
 Medical Treatment & Nursing Care as Per Need
 Utilization of Available Resources
 Psychological Support
 Life Saving Measures , First Aid
Evacuation & Supply - Shelter, Food, Water, Medicine,
Communication
 Maintaining Public Moral
Voluntary Reception, Relatives Waiting Areas  Management of
Infection Control
EMERGENCY NURSING
• Emergency Nursing treat patients
in emergency situations where
they‘are experiencing trauma or
injury. These nurses quickly
recognize identification) life-
threatening problems
 CONCEPTS

• The term emergency is used for those patients

• who require immediate action to prevent
• further deteriorations or stabilizing the
• condition till the availability of the services
• close to the patients.
CONCEPT OF EMERGENCY NURSING
• General information
• Emergency nursing deals with human responses to any trauma or
sudden illness that requires immediate intervention to prevent imminent
severe damage or death
• Care is provided in any setting to persons of all ages with actual or
perceived alterations in physical or emotional health.
• Initially, patients may not have a medical diagnosis.
• Care is episodic when patients return frequently, primary when it is the
initial option for health or preventive care, or acute when patients
need immediate and additional interventions.
• Emergency nursing is a specialty nurse area of the nursing profession
like no other.
• Emergency nurses must be ready to treat a wide variety of illnesses or
injury situations, ranging from a sore throat to a heart attack.
• PRIORITIES EMERGENCY NURSING
•
• PRIORITIES MAJOR GOALS:
• To restore life
• To prevent deteri-oration before more
definitive treatment can be given.
• To restore the patient to useful living
•
• * Injuries to face, neck and chest that
impairs respiration are the highest
priorities
•PRINCIPLES
CIRCULATIO
N
• PRINCIPLES:
• maintain patent airway & provide adequate ventilation
employing resuscitation measures when necessary
• control haemorrhage & its consequences
• evaluate and restore cardiac output
• prevent and treat shock, maintain or restore effective
circulation
• carry out a rapid initial and ongoing physical
examination
• assess whether or not the patient can follow commands,
evaluate the size & reactivity of pupils
• start ECG monitoring if appropriate
• splint suspected fractures including cervical spines in patients
with head injuries
• protect wounds with sterile dressings
• start a flow sheet of patient’s vital sign, neurological state, to
guide in decision making
SCOPES OF EMERGENCY NURSING
• 1 Certified Emergency Nurse:-

• A licensed, Registered Nurse, who has demonstrated

expertise in emergency nursing by passing a computer-
administered examination given by the Board of Certification
for Emergency Nursing .
• 2 Emergency Nurse Practitioner :-

• A specialist nurse who will independently assess,

diagnose, investigate, and treat a wide range of common
accidents and injuries working autonomously( govt) without
reference to medical staff. They primarily treat a wide range of
musculoskeletal problems, skin problems and minor illness,
many are considered experts in wound management. They are
trained in advanced nursing skills
• 4 Emergency Care
Practitioner

• A specialist nurse or specialist paramedic who works in the

pre-hospital setting dealing with a wide range of medical
or emergency problems. Their primary function is to
assess, diagnose and treat a patient in the home in an
emergency setting.
• 5 Additional Emergency Nursing Tra