Transport Phenomena

Transport Phenomena
-Introduction
Ming-Hua Ho
2011/09
Transport Phenomena, MH Ho, 2011
Outlines
• The purposes for us to learn transport
phenomena
• The introduction to derivatives of velocity
• The introduction to basic transport
equation
• Fluid types
109/10/11 2
Backgrounds of Transport Phenomena

• What is transport phenomena?
– Transport phenomena is associated with spatial non-
uniformity
• Why do we study transport phenomena?
– Chemical industrial processes, biomechanics, environmental
protection…
• What are the driving forces of transportation?
– Differences in momentum, temperature and concentration.
• How do study transport phenomena?
– Experiments
– Theory: continuum approach & molecular approach
109/10/11 3
Approach Method
• Dimensional Analysis
– Practical approach
• Overall Balance
– Simplified approach
• Equation of Change
– General approach
109/10/11 4
The Derivatives of Velocity (p.

83)
• Velocity field

v  v( x, y, z , t )iˆ  v( x, y, z , t ) ˆj  v( x, y, z , t )kˆ

– Partial time derivative v
t

– Total time derivative dv
dt

– Substantial time derivative Dv
Dt
109/10/11 5
The Derivatives of Velocity


– Partial time derivative v
t x, y, z
109/10/11 6

– Total time derivative
   

dv v v x v y v z
   
dt t x t y t z t
   

dv v v v v
  vx  v y  vz
dt t x y z
109/10/11 7

– Substantial time derivative
   

Dv v v v v
  Vx  V y  Vz
Dt t x y z

v 
  (v  V)
t
109/10/11 8
The Derivatives of Density
Partial time derivative 

t x, y, z
d   x  y  z
Total time derivative    
dt t x t y t z t
Substantial time derivative
D      
  vx  vy  vz   (v   )
Dt t x y z t
109/10/11 9
Basic Transportation Law

Flux Gradient
Flux = Transport property × Gradient
109/10/11 10
Fick’s Law of Diffusion – Mass Flux
C
jy  -D
y
109/10/11 11
Fourier’s Law of Conduction –

Energy Flux
T
q y  -k
y
109/10/11 12
Fourier’s Law of Conduction –

Energy Flux
 (   Cp  T)
q y  -
y
109/10/11 13
Newton’s Law of Viscosity –

Momentum Flux
v x
 yx  -
y
109/10/11 14
Three Basic Transport Laws

Flux = Transport property × Gradient
C
jy  -D
y
 (   Cp  T)
q y  -
y
(   v x )
 yx  -
y
109/10/11 15
Newton’s Law of Viscosity
(   v x )
 yx  -
y
Perpendicular
109/10/11 16
Momentum Transport
Momentum
 yx 
Area  Time
  dv d(mv)
F  ma  m 
dt dt
F
  Stress
Area
Momentum Flux ~ Stress
109/10/11 17
Directions in Momentum Transport
v x (2)
 yx  - (1)
y
v x
The force of (1) to (2) is positive ( yx  0) but y  0
109/10/11 18
Directions in Momentum Transport
(2)
v x (1)
 yx  -
y
The force of (2) to (1) is positive. ( yx  0)
Force is applied on the surface y in the negative direction.
The velocity gradient in the y direction is positive.
109/10/11 19
Types of Fluid Flow
• Laminar and Turbulent Flow

– According to the velocity
• Newtonian and non-Newtonian Fluid

– According to the viscosity
v x
 yx  -
y
109/10/11 20
Comparisons between Laminar and
Turbulent Flow
• Orderly flow • Disorderly flow

• Lower velocity • Higher velocity
• The speed and • The speed and
direction of the fluid direction of the fluid
are fixed. varies with time.
• Without velocity • With velocity fluctuation
fluctuation
109/10/11 21
Determination of Laminar or Turbulent

Flow
Reynolds Number
Dv v 2
N Re   
 v / D
109/10/11 22

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Backgrounds of Transport Phenomena

The Derivatives of Velocity (p.

The Derivatives of Velocity

The Derivatives of Velocity

The Derivatives of Velocity

The Derivatives of Density

Partial time derivative 

Substantial time derivative

Basic Transportation Law

Flux = Transport property × Gradient

Fick’s Law of Diffusion – Mass Flux

Fourier’s Law of Conduction –

Fourier’s Law of Conduction –

Newton’s Law of Viscosity –

Three Basic Transport Laws

Newton’s Law of Viscosity

Momentum Flux ~ Stress

Directions in Momentum Transport

Directions in Momentum Transport

Force is applied on the surface y in the negative direction.

The velocity gradient in the y direction is positive.

Types of Fluid Flow

• Laminar and Turbulent Flow

• Newtonian and non-Newtonian Fluid

• Orderly flow • Disorderly flow

Determination of Laminar or Turbulent

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