Fluid Mechanics Lecture Week 6 Chapter 2 PPT With Notes

CEP 372
FLUID MECHANICS
LECTURE
Chapter 2: Principles of
Hydrostatic Pressures
Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete
TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
AGENDA
In this module, here are the following desired learning outcomes:
1. Define the types of pressures

2. Present all pressure measuring devices and equipment
3. Discuss formulas and solve sample problems relating to hydrostatic
pressures.
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

2.1 INTRODUCTION
PRESSURE
- Refers to the effect of a pressure acting against and distributed over a
surface. They may be created by a solid, liquid or gas.
- Is the force per unit area exerted by a liquid or gas on a body or surface,
with the force acting at right angles to the surface uniformly in all
directions.

Principle of Hydrostatic Pressure
• Fluid Pressure, p: the force exerted on a unit area. If F represents the total
force on an area A, and dF is the elemental force on an elemental area dA,
the intensity of pressure is,
dF
p
dA
Note: If the pressure is uniform over the area A, then
F
p
A
Otherwise this formula gives only the average pressure
Units:
English System: lb 2  psf  or lb 2  psi 
ft in
Metric System: gr 2
S.I. : N
2
cm m
PASCAL’S LAW y y’
- Developed by French
mathematician Blaise Pascal θ
θ θ
θ
x
- States that, “The pressure on a
fluid is equal in all directions x’
and in all parts of the

container.”

𝐴 𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐹
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃=
𝜽 𝜽 𝐴 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
𝐴 𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃=
𝐴 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
𝐹 𝑥 − 𝐹 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 0
( )
+ 𝐴 𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐹
∑ 𝑭 𝒙 =𝟎 𝑃 𝑥 𝐴 𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐹 − 𝑃 𝑦 𝐴 𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝐷
𝑷 𝒙= 𝑷 𝒚
𝐴 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
PASCAL’S LAW
=0
𝐹 𝑧 − 𝐹 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =0 ∴ 𝑷 𝒙 =𝑷 𝒚 = 𝑷 𝒛
+
∑ 𝑭 𝒚 =𝟎
𝑃 𝑧 𝐴 𝐶𝐷 𝐸𝐹 − 𝑃 𝑦 𝐴 𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝐷
( 𝐴 𝐶𝐷 𝐸𝐹
𝐴 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 )
=0
𝑷 𝒛=𝑷 𝒚

• The pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is equal to its
specific weight, γ multiplied by the vertical depth of the
point from the surface, or
Liquid surface
p   h
Note: This relationship is only true for
liquids in which the specific weight
h varies slightly with small changes in
elevation.
 p = γ.h

GAGE PRESSURE
(RELATIVE PRESSURE)
- Are pressures above or below the atmosphere and can be measured by
pressure gauges or manometers.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
- Is the pressure at any one point on the earth’s surface from the weight of the air
above it.
- Refers to the prevailing pressure in the air around us.
STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Centimeters of Mercury is a small
Millibar is 1/1000th of a bar and pressure unit which represents the pressure
is the amount of force it takes to pushing down due to gravity of any volume
move an object weighing a gram, of liquid mercury which is 1cm high.
one centimeter, in one second. c.
Millibar values used in Inch of mercury is a non-SI unit of
meteorology range from about 100 measurement for pressure. It is used for
to 1050. At sea level, standard air barometric pressure in weather reports,
pressure in millibars is 1013.2. refrigeration and aviation in the United
States. It is the pressure exerted by a
column of mercury 1 inch in height at the
standard acceleration of gravity.

VACUUM
- A space that has all matter removed from
it.
- Can also be described as a region of

space where the pressure is less than the
normal atmospheric pressure of 760 mm
(29.9 in) of mercury Hg.
- is the pressure below the atmospheric

pressure.
- is used when the gauge pressure is

negative.

ABSOLUTE PRESSURE
- Is the pressure above absolute zero (vacuum).
NOTE:
• Absolute zero is obtained if all air is removed. It is the lowest
possible pressure attainable.
• Absolute pressure can never be negative.

Equipment for
Pressure Measurement

MERCURY
BAROMETER
ANEROID
- Is an accurate and BAROMETER
relatively simple way to
measure changes in - In an aneroid barometer, a
atmospheric pressure. At sea partially evacuated metal
level, the weight of the drum expands or contracts
atmosphere forces mercury in response to changes in air
760 mm (29.9 in) up a pressure. A series of levers
calibrated glass tube. Higher and springs translates the up
elevations yield lower and down movement of the
readings because the drum top into the circular
atmosphere is less dense motion of the pointers along
there, and the thinner air the aneroid barometer’s
exerts less pressure on the face.
mercury.

TYPES OF
MANOMETER MANOMETER
-Is a tube, usually 1. OPEN TYPE
bent in a form of U, - Has an atmospheric surface in one
containing a liquid of leg and is capable of measuring gage
known specific pressures.
gravity, the surface
of which moves
proportionally to
changes of pressure.
It is used to measure
pressure.

2. DIFFERENTIAL TYPE 3. PIEZOMETER
- Without an atmospheric surface and - The simplest form of open manometer. It is a
capable of measuring only tube tapped into a wall of a container or
differences of pressure. conduit for the purpose of measuring pressure.
The fluid in the container or conduit rises in
this tube to form a free surface.

LIMITATIONS OF STEPS IN SOLVING
PIEZOMETER MANOMETER PROBLEMS
- Large pressures in the 1. Decide on the fluid in feet or meter, of which the
lighter liquids require heads are to be expressed, (water is most
long tubes. advisable).
2. Starting from an end point, number in order, the
- Gas pressures can not interface of different fluids.
3. Identify points of equal pressure (taking into
be measured because
account that for a homogeneous fluid at rest, the
gas can not form a free pressure along the same horizontal plane are
surface. equal). Label these points with the same number.
4. Proceed from level to level, adding (if going
down) or subtracting (if going up) pressure heads
as the elevation decreases or increases,
respectively with due regard for the specific
gravity of the fluids.

VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE
FREE LIQUID SURFACE (FFS) refers to liquid surface subject to zero gage pressure or with
atmospheric pressure only.
With reference to illustration shown,

VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE
With reference to illustration shown,
Consider that points 1 and 2 lie on the same elevation, such that h=0, then:

PRESSURE BELOW
LAYERS OF DIFFERENT PRESSURE HEAD
LIQUIDS
- Is the height “h” of a column of
𝑷 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎=∑ 𝑷
homogenous liquid of unit
weight γ that will produce an
h1
𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒊𝒖𝒅 𝟏 intensity of pressure P.
++
h2
𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒊𝒖𝒅 𝟐
h 3 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒊𝒖𝒅 𝟑
𝑷 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎

TO CONVERT PRESSURE HEAD (height) OF LIQUID A TO LIQUID B
Technique:
Use “unit analysis” as a guide. Note that “h” is length/height measurement.
TO CONVERT PRESSURE HEAD (height) OF ANY LIQUID TO WATER
But

LIQUID PRESSURE IN A HYDAULIC SYSTEM
In a hydraulic system, fluid is confined to two chambers. Each chamber has a
piston that is free to move.
𝐹
𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐 𝑃=
𝐴
𝑰𝑵𝑷𝑼𝑻 𝑶𝑼𝑻𝑷𝑼𝑻 𝐹1 𝐹2
𝑷𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝟐 𝑃 1= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 2=
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝑨𝟐
′
𝑃 1=𝑃 2 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎 𝑙 𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤
𝑨𝟏 SAME
𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐
𝑷𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝟏 PRESSURE FOR
HOMOGENOUS
=
𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐
LIQUID
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒖𝒃𝒆

2.2 PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES
PROBLEM #1: In a depth of liquid of 1 m causes a pressure of 7 kPa, what is the specific gravity of the
liquid?
Given:
h=1m
P=
Solution:

PROBLEM #2: What is the pressure 12.5 m below the ocean? Use specific gravity = 1.03 for salt water.
Given:
h = 12.5 m
s = 1.03
Solution:

PROBLEM #3: If the pressure 23 meter below a liquid is 338.445 kPa, determine its unit weight, mass
density, and specific gravity.
(c) Specific gravity

(a) Unit weight
(b) Mass density

PROBLEM #4: If the pressure at a point in the ocean is 60 kPa, what is the pressure 27 meters below this
point.
REMEMBER:
The difference between in pressure between any 2 points in a liquid
is
Solution:

PROBLEM #5: If the pressure in the air space above an oil (s = 0.75) surface in a closed tank is 115 kPa absolute, what is the
gage pressure 2 m below the surface?
Solution:
PRESSURE HEAD EQUATION

(in heads of water)
2𝑚

PROBLEM #6: A pressure gauge 6 m above the bottom of the tank containing a liquid reads 90 kPa. Another gage height 4 m
reads 103 kPa. Determine the specific weight of the liquid.
Solution:
𝟗𝟎𝒌𝑷𝒂
2𝑚
𝟏𝟎𝟑𝒌𝑷𝒂
6𝑚
4𝑚

PROBLEM #7: In the figure shown, if the atmospheric pressure is 101.03 kPa and the absolute pressure at the bottom
of the tank is 231.3 kPa, what is the specific gravity of olive oil?
𝑶𝑷𝑬𝑵 𝑻𝑶 𝑨𝑻𝑴
𝑆𝐴𝐸 𝑜𝑖𝑙 , 𝑠=0.89 1.5𝑚 Solution:
w ater 2.5𝑚
𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑖𝑙 , 𝑠=? 2.9𝑚
𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 , 𝑠=13.6 0.4 𝑚

𝑷 𝒂𝒃𝒔 =𝟐𝟑𝟏 .𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂𝒂
𝑷 𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆=𝟏𝟑𝟎 .𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝑷𝒂

PROBLEM #8: Piston A has a cross section of while of piston B is with the latter higher than piston A by 1.75 m. If the
intervening passages are filled with oil whose specific gravity is 0.8, what is the difference in pressure between A and B.
𝑩
𝟐
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟎 𝒄𝒎
2
𝑨 1.75 𝑚
𝟐
𝟗𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎
1
𝒐𝒊𝒍 , 𝒔=𝟎 . 𝟖
Solution:

PROBLEM #9: In the figure shown, determine the weight W that can be carried by the 1.5 kN force acting on the piston.
𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐
Since 1 and 2 lie on 𝑰𝑵𝑷𝑼𝑻 𝑶𝑼𝑻𝑷𝑼𝑻
the same elevation,
Oil s = 0.82 𝑷𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝟐
𝑨𝟐 𝐹
1 2 𝑃=
𝐴
𝑨𝟏 SAME
𝐹1 𝐹2
𝑷𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝟏 PRESSURE FOR
HOMOGENOUS
𝑃 1= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃 2=
𝐴1 𝐴2
LIQUID
′
𝑃 1=𝑃 2 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎 𝑙 𝑠 𝐿𝑎𝑤
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒖𝒃𝒆
𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐
=
𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐

PROBLEM #10: The figure shows a setup with a vessel containing a plunger and a cylinder. What force F is required to balance
the weight of the cylinder if the weight of the plunger is negligible?
W = 44 kN
PRESSURE HEAD EQUATION (in heads of water)

PROBLEM #11: The hydraulic press shown is filled with oil s = 0.82. Neglecting the weight of the two pistons, what force F on
the handle is required to support the 10kN weight?
10 kN
1 2 𝑭 𝟐 =𝟏 .𝟏 𝒌𝑵
Since 1 and 2 lie on

the same elevation,

PROBLEM #12: For the tank shown, and . Determine the value of
𝑷 𝑨𝑻𝑴
𝑷 𝑨𝑻𝑴
1
3
2 2
¿𝟒𝒎
𝟑𝒎=¿

PROBLEM #13: Determine the value of y in the manometer shown.
PRESSURE HEAD EQUATION

(in heads of water)
𝑷 𝑨𝑻𝑴
Water

PROBLEM #14: Determine the difference in pressure between points A and B.
3 3
250 mm
B
310 mm
A 4 4
2
1 1

PROBLEM #15: A gage on the suction side of a pump shows a vacuum of 250 mm of mercury. Compute (a) the pressure head in
m of water; (b) The pressure in kPa; (c) absolute pressure in kPa if the barometer reads 737 mm of mercury. The specific weight of
water is 9810 N/m3.
Solution:
(a) The pressure head in m of water is, (c) The absolute pressure in kPa is,
 3 N  pabs  p g  patm
 101.325 x10 2 
 250mmHg  m 
 760mmHg   101.325kPa 
  pabs  33.33kPa  737 mmHg  
p  250mmHg    760mmHg 
hw     3.4m
 w 9810 N 9810 3
N
pabs  64.928kPa
3
m m
(b) The pressure in kPa
 101.325kPa 
p  250mmHg    33.33kPa
 760mmHg 

PROBLEM #16: Given the figure below, determine the pressure at m if x = 760 mm and y = 760 mm.
1 1
Air Air
y y = 760 mm
0 0
CaCl4 ( s = 1.60) CaCl4 ( s = 1.60)

m m
Oil ( s = 0.856) x Oil ( s = 0.856) x = 760 mm Note: In meters of oil, the head is
2 2
Solution: Starting from level 0, then to level 1, then to level 2 and lastly to level m
p N
Using addition and subtraction of pressure 0  y 1.6   x0.856  m pm  18,311 2
w m
heads, expressed in head of water. The addition and kN
pm
subtraction maybe started at atmospheric level 0  0.760m 1.6   0.760m 0.856    18.311 2
N or m
(level 0) and proceeding from level to level up to 9810 3
to obtain the algebraic sum of the pressure heads at m pm  18.311kPa
the level in consideration ( In this case, it is point m).

PROBLEM #17: Given the figure below, determine (a) Pm if x = 0.30 m and y = 0.50 m; (b) how many millimeters
in the 12 mm tube will the fluid rises if the pressure at m is increased by 7 kPa..
( b ) Let d = drop in the 125 mm dia. Tube.
0 12 mm dia. tube
r = rise in the 12 mm dia. Tube
s = 2.95 Note:
X = 0.30 m
Volume that drops = volume that rises
1 125 mm dia.
 
4 mm dia. tube 125 d  122 r
2
4 4 2 2
 125   12 
y = 0.50 m s = 0.915 r   d or d    r
Note when the pressure at m is  12   125 
increased, the fluid inside tends
New level
m to push outward. r
0 Original level Consider the new levels
pm
Solution: 12 mm dia. tube      
0  r  x  d 2.95  y  d 0.915 
(a) Starting at the 0 level and proceeding up to the level X = 0.30 m s = 2.95 w
125 mm dia. pm
m. p 1 0  r  0.30  d 2.95  0.50  d 0.915 
0  x2.95  y 0.915  w
m d New level
w 4 mm dia. tube
pm 13.17  7
0  0.30m 2.95  0.50m 0.915 
y = 0.50 m
     
0  r  0.30  d 2.95  0.50  d 0.915 
N s = 0.915 9.81
9810 3  2
  2

 12   12  20.17
N m m
0   r  0.30    r 2.95   0.50    r 0.915 
pm  13,170 2 or 13.170kPa   125     125   9.81
 
m
r  0.24m

PROBLEM #18: In figure, fluid A is water while fluid B is oil (s = 0.85). If x = 1500 mm and y = 750 mm, find (p m – pn).
Fluid B
Fluid B Level 1
Level 1
y = 0.75 m
z
z Level n n

Level n
y = 0.75 m n Level 2


Level 2
Fluid A Fluid A
Fluid A Fluid A x = 1.50 m
w
x = 1.50 m
w Note : x + z = y + w
or x – y = w – z Note: w – z = 0.75
Level m m

Level m m
 1.50 – 0.75 = w – z
w – z = 0.75
Solution: Using addition and subtraction of pressures p m 9810  w  0.859810 0.75  9810  z  pn
Starting from the end pressure pm and proceeding to pn.
p m  pn  0.859810 0.75  9810w  z 
p m  w  w   o  y   w  z  pn
p m  pn  0.859810 0.75  98100.75
p m 9810  w  0.859810 0.75  9810  z  pn
N
p m  pn  13,611 2 or p m  pn  13.611kPa
m

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE
THANK YOU!
Feel free to approach me at MS Teams if you
have any questions.
TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

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CEP 372

TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY

1. Define the types of pressures

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

and in all parts of the

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

STANDARD ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

- Can also be described as a region of

- is the pressure below the atmospheric

- is used when the gauge pressure is

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

With reference to illustration shown,

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

With reference to illustration shown,

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

TO CONVERT PRESSURE HEAD (height) OF ANY LIQUID TO WATER

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

(c) Specific gravity

(b) Mass density

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

PRESSURE HEAD EQUATION

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

𝑆𝐴𝐸 𝑜𝑖𝑙 , 𝑠=0.89 1.5𝑚 Solution:

𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑖𝑙 , 𝑠=? 2.9𝑚

𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 , 𝑠=13.6 0.4 𝑚

𝑷 𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆=𝟏𝟑𝟎 .𝟐𝟕 𝒌𝑷𝒂

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

PRESSURE HEAD EQUATION (in heads of water)

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

Since 1 and 2 lie on

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

PRESSURE HEAD EQUATION (in heads of water)

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

PRESSURE HEAD EQUATION

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

(b) The pressure in kPa

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

CaCl4 ( s = 1.60) CaCl4 ( s = 1.60)

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE Instructor: Engr. Karl Angelo G. Clarete

TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY

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