BETP3573 MATERIAL

TESTING AND
FRACTURE ANALYSIS
MECHANICAL TESTING PART 2
IMPACT TESTING
IMPACT TEST
 Impact strength tests are used to measure a material’s
ability to withstand shock loading.
 In metals or polymers the impact strength is most
commonly measured by a pendulum-type impacting
machine.
 For most metals, the specimen has a notch in it to
prompt fracture in the desired spot.
 a notched specimen is fractured by an impact blow, and
the energy absorbed during the fracture is measured.

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IMPACT TEST

Two types of impact test:-

1. Charpy (horizontal)
2. Izod (vertical)

Charpy normally for high strength

materials while Izod for low strength
materials

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IMPACT TEST
IMPACT TEST

 Impact testing enables us to identify an important property in materials which is the

behavior in different temperatures
 The impact data are sensitive to test conditions. Increasingly sharp notches can
give lower impact-energy values due to the stress concentration effect at the notch
tip
The FCC alloys→ generally ductile fracture mode
IMPACT TEST

 The HCP alloys→ generally brittle fracture mode

 Temperature is important which can affect the behavior of materials

 The BCC alloys→ brittle modes at relatively low temperatures and ductile mode at
relatively high temperature
DUCTILE TO BRITTLE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE

 As temperature decreases a ductile material can become brittle - ductile-to-brittle

transition

 The transition temperature is the temp at which a material changes from ductile-to-
brittle behavior

 Alloying usually increases the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. FCC metals

remain ductile down to very low temperatures. For ceramics, this type of transition
occurs at much higher temperatures than for metals.
STANDARDS FOR IMPACT TESTING

ASTM FOR TENSILE TESTING

ASTM E23-16b – Standards Test Method for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic
Materials
ASTM E2248-15 - Standard Test Method for Impact Testing of Miniaturized Charpy V-
Notch Specimens
DUCTILE TO BRITTLE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE

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DUCTILE TO BRITTLE TRANSITION

Titanic WWII Liberty ships

3 POINT BENDING TEST (FLEXURAL)
BENDING TEST

 Forces that tend to induce compressive stresses over one part of a

cross-section and tensile stresses over the remainder are described
as bending or flexural forces.
 Bending can be accompanied by direct stresses, transverse shear, or
torsional shear, depending on loading.
BENDING TEST

 Bending action in beams is often termed flexure, referring to

transverse loading of the beam.
 The deflection of the specimen is the displacement of a point on the
neutral axis of the beam from its original position under the action
of the applied loads.
 The figure, the deflection, is an indication of the overall stiffness of
the material.
3 POINT FLEXURAL TEST (BENDING)
 Method for measuring stiffness and yield properties of certain
materials. There are no standardized terms for reporting bend test
results for broad classes of materials; rather, terms associated with
bend tests apply to specific forms or types of materials.
 For example, materials specifications sometimes require that a
specimen be bent to a specified inside diameter (ASTM A-360, steel
products).
 A bend test for ductility of welds is given in ASTM E-190. Results of
tests of fiberboard are reported by a description of the failure or
photographs. (ASTM D-1037)

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3 POINT FLEXURAL TEST (BENDING)

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BENDING TEST
STANDARDS FOR IMPACT TESTING

ASTM FOR TENSILE TESTING

ASTM D790 – 15e2 – Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced
and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials
ASTM E1290 - 08- Standard Test Method for Crack-Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD)
Fracture Toughness Measurement
TORSION TEST
TORSION TEST

 Torsion tests twist a material or test component to a specified degree,

with a specified force, or until the material fails in torsion.
 The twisting force of a torsion test is applied to the test sample by
anchoring one end so that it cannot move or rotate and applying a
moment to the other end so that the sample is rotated about its axis.

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TORSION TEST

 The rotating moment may also be applied to both ends of the sample
but the ends must be rotated in opposite directions.
 Torsion test measures material’s strength when subjected to ‘twisting
force’ or torque

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TORSION TEST

 The purpose of a torsion test is to determine the behavior a material

or test sample exhibits when twisted or under torsional forces as a
result of applied moments that cause shear stress about the axis.
 Measurable values include: the modulus of elasticity in shear, yield
shear strength, torsional fatigue life, ductility, ultimate shear strength,
and modulus of rupture in shear.
 These values are similar but not the same as those measured by a
tensile test and are important in manufacturing as they may be used
to simulate the service conditions, check the product’s quality and
design, and ensure that it was manufactured correctly. 
TORSION TEST

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TORSION TEST
STANDARDS FOR IMPACT TESTING

ASTM FOR TENSILE TESTING

ASTM A938 - 07 Standard Test Method for Torsion Testing of Wire
SUMMARY
SUMMARY

 Impact test measures a material’s ductility, toughness, sudden impact

load
 Impact test helps to identify a materials behavior under different
temperature
 Ductile to brittle transition temperature can be identified with impact
test

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SUMMARY

 Bending test measures a material’s strength, ductility, ability to

withstand load in horizontal position
 Bending test does not have a standard for broad material based but
depends on geometry and physical of material
 Torsion test measures a material’s strength in shear stress, ductility,
strength in circular form
 Different material properties under shear loading can be indentified
with torsion test

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