Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONCEPTS
• Define hydrology.
• water supply,
• major floods
• droughts
• drainage and urban stormwater
Precipitation
Cloud Cloud
Transpiration
Precipitation Precipitation
Evaporation Wind
Evaporation
from Lake/river from Land
Infiltration Run-off
Evaporation
from Ocean
Run-off
Groundwater Flow
impermeable layer
Spring
H
I River
G
H C
L O
A A
N River S
D T
Main River
Spring A
A L
R
E A
A R
Lake
E
River
River A
Spring
Outlet
a. Elongated shape b. Concentrated shape
Figure 1-2
Typical watershed areas
Surface Water
- Fresh Water in Lake 854,330.73 124,965.285 0.009
- Salt Water in Lake 698,997.87 104,137.738 0.008
- Fresh Water in River & Stream 1,249.652 0.001
Subsurface Water
- Groundwater, upper 800m depth 129,444,050.00 4,165,509.529 0.31
- Groundwater, below 800m depth 129,444,050.00 4,165,509.529 0.31
Soil Moisture
129,444,050.00 66,648.152 0.005
Ice and Glacier
17,863,278.90 29,158,566.703 2.15
Atmosphere
510,009,557.00 12,913.080 0.001
Ocean
361,148,899.50 1,320,466,520.000 97.20
where:
I = inflow [L3/t]
Q = outflow [L3/t]
dS/dt = change in storage per time [L3/t]
P – R – G – E – T = ΔS
where:
P = precipitation,
R = surface runoff,
G = groundwater flow,
E = evaporation,
T = transpiration,
ΔS = change in storage in a specified time
period.
Solution:
Solving the water balance for inflow I and outflow Q in a lake gives,
for evaporation,
E = I – O + P – ΔS,
ΔS
1.97ha m
121ha
= 0.0163 m = 1.63 cm
1 12.7 - 1,524
2 0 25.4
3 12.7 -
4 0 50.8
5 12.7 -
6 12.7 -
7 0 101.6
8 12.7 -
9 12.7 -
10 12.7 - 1,321
A reservoir has the following inflow and outflows ( in cubic meters) for
the first three months of the year. If the storage at the beginning of
January is 60 m3 , determine the storage at the end of March.
Table 1.0 ;
Month January February March
I (m3) 4 6 9
O (m3) 8 11 5
ANSWER 1.3:
S2 = 54.99 m3
General Equation :
I – O = ΔS
= – 10.313 x 106 m3
Ōf = 26.207 x 106 m3
30x24x60x60 sec
= 10.111 m3/s
CHAPTER 01- Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Universiti SABMUSA/JKAP/UTHM/FEB07 27
Hydrology –BFC
HYDROLOGY
3092
CHAPTER 01- Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Universiti SABMUSA/JKAP/UTHM/FEB07 28
Hydrology –BFC
HYDROLOGY
3092
•Wind
•Temperature
•Humidity
•Evaporation
•Precipitation
•Solar radiation