DESIGN OF SLABS

• ONE WAY SLAB

• TWO WAY SLAB
ONE WAY SLAB
 It is a structural reinforced concrete slab supported
on two opposite sides so that bending occurs only in
one direction. It is analyzed same as that of a
rectangular beam having a width of 1 meter. All
formulas and equations for rectangular beams would
be adopted in the analysis of these structure.
However, if the slab is supported on four edges, it is
still called a one-way slab if the ratio of the length of
the longer side to that of the shorter side is greater
than 2.

  ACI Specs:

1. > 2 (one-way slab)

2. Min. thickness:
h = for simply supported
h = for one end continuous
h = for two ends continuous
h = for cantilever section
3.
  
Min. covering = 20 mm (clear).
4. Min. steel bars = 20 mm Ø.
5. Spacing of main bars should not be grater than 3h or 450 mm, and not
less than 100 mm.
6. Min. temperature bars = 10 mm Ø.
7. Spacing of temperature bars should not be greater than 5h of 450 mm.
8. Area of temperature bars needed = 0.002bh for grade 300
= 0.0018bh for grade 400
9. Numbers of bars needed in a one-meter width of slab = where “s” is
spacing of main reinforcing bars.
10. Thickness of slab should not be less than 75 mm
11. If the slab is permanently exposed to the ground, min. concrete
cover id 70 mm clear.
 STEPS IN DESIGNING ONE WAY SLAB
(1) Assume thickness of slab using min. requirement of the code.
(2) Consider one-meter strip of a slab.
(3) Compute the factored load𝑊𝑢 = 1.4𝐷. 𝐿. +1.7𝐿. 𝐿.
𝑊𝑢 𝐿2
(4) Compute the ultimate moment 𝑀𝑢 = for simply supported span only.
8
1
(5) Compute the value of 𝑑 = ℎ − 20 − 2
of diameter of 12 mm bar.

(6) Compute “ω” from the relation: 𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑑 2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝜔𝑓𝑐 ′
(7) Compute 𝜌 =
𝑓𝑦

(8) Check whether ρ > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥

Note: when ρ > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 increase thickness of slab, but if ρ < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ., decrease the
thickness of slab.
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝜌𝑏
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽 600
𝜌𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 ሺ600 +𝑓𝑦 ሻ

β = 0.85 for fc’ = 30 MPa or less

β = 0.85 – 0.008(fc’-30) for other values of fc’ > 30 MPa with a minimum value
of 0.65.
(9) Compute steel area required: 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
(10) Compute the spacing of 12 mm Ø or bigger diameter bars than 12 mm Ø.

1000 𝜋
(12)2 = 𝐴𝑠
𝑠 4
𝜋
1000 ( )(12)2
4
𝑆 = 𝐴𝑠
≯ 3h or 500 mm

(11) Compute the area of temperature bars needed

Note: 𝐴𝑠 for main bars must be greater than 𝐴𝑠 for temp. bars.
𝐴𝑠 = 0.002𝑏ℎ for grade 300 (fy = 300 MPa)
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ for grade 400 (fy = 400 MPa)
(12) Compute the spacing of temperature bars (10 mm Ø)
 STEPS IN DESIGNING ONE WAY SLAB
(1) Assume thickness of slab using min. requirement of the code.
(2) Consider one-meter strip of a slab.
(3) Compute the factored load𝑊𝑢 = 1.4𝐷. 𝐿. +1.7𝐿 . 𝐿.
𝑊𝑢 𝐿2
(4) Compute the ultimate moment 𝑀𝑢 = for simply supported span only.
8
1
(5) Compute the value of 𝑑 = ℎ − 20 − of diameter of 12 mm bar.
2

(6) Compute “ω” from the relation: 𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑑 2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)

𝜔𝑓𝑐 ′
(7) Compute 𝜌 =
𝑓𝑦

(8) Check whether ρ > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥

Note: when ρ > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 increase thickness of slab, but if ρ < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ., decrease the
thickness of slab.
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝜌𝑏

𝜌𝑏 =
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽 600
𝑓𝑦 ሺ600 +𝑓𝑦 ሻ
≯ 
β = 0.85 for fc’ = 30 MPa or less
β = 0.85 – 0.008(fc’-30) for other values of fc’ > 30 MPa with a minimum value
of 0.65.
(9) Compute steel area required: 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
(10) Compute the spacing of 12 mm Ø or bigger diameter bars than 12 mm Ø.

1000 𝜋
(12)2 = 𝐴𝑠
𝑠 4
𝜋
1000 ( )(12)2
4
𝑆 =
𝐴𝑠
≯ 3h or 500 mm

(11) Compute the area of temperature bars needed

Note: 𝐴𝑠 for main bars must be greater than 𝐴𝑠 for temp. bars.
𝐴𝑠 = 0.002𝑏ℎ for grade 300 (fy = 300 MPa)
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ for grade 400 (fy = 400 MPa)
(12) Compute the spacing of temperature bars (10 mm Ø)
(12) 
 Compute the spacing of temperature bars (10 mm Ø)

< 5h or 500 mm
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
 Designa simple span one-way slab to carry
a uniformly distributed live load of 16 kPa.
The span id 3m (center to center of
supports). Use fc’=20 MPa and fy=276MPa
Conform to the ACI minimum thickness
requirements.
 SOLUTION:
𝐿 𝑓𝑦
min. ℎ = 20
ቀ0.40 + 700
ቁ

3 (1000) 276
= 20
ቀ0.40 + 700
ቁ

min. h = 120 mm

consider a 1-m strip:

𝑘𝑁
wt. of slab = ሺ0.120ሻሺ1ሻሺ2.4ሻሺ9.81ሻ = 2.825
𝑚

𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
live load =16 = 16
𝑚2 𝑚

total design load

𝑊𝑢 = 1.4 𝑊𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝑊𝐿𝐿

𝑊𝑢 = 1.4 (2.825) + 1.7(16)

𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑢 = 31.155
𝑚
 𝑊𝑢 𝐿2
𝑀𝑢 =
8

31.155ሺ3ሻ2
𝑀𝑢 = = 35.05 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8

Eff. Depth d = h – 20 mm (min. concrete cover) – ½ 𝑑𝑏

Assume 20 mm Ø bars

Effective depth 𝑑 = 120 − 20 – 10 = 90 𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑑 2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)

35.05 (1000)2 = (0.90)(20)(1000)(90)2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)

0.59𝜔2 − 𝜔 + 0.2404 = 0

ω = 0.29

𝜔𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌= 𝑓𝑦

0.29(20)
𝜌= 276

ρ = 0.0210

1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.00507 ሺ𝑜𝑘ሻ
𝑓𝑦 276
max. 𝜌 = 0.75𝜌𝑏

0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽600
= 0.75 ቀ𝑓𝑦 ሺ600+𝑓𝑦 ሻቁ

0.85ሺ20ሻ(0.85)(600)
= 0.75 ቀ ቁ
276 ሺ600+276 ሻ

max. 𝜌 = 0.0269 (𝑜𝑘)

Use ρ = 0.0210

Note: (1) if ρ is less than 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ., decrease thickness of slab.

(2) If ρ is greater than 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 ., increase the thickness of slab

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0210(1000)(90)
𝐴𝑠 = 1890 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴20 = 314 𝑚𝑚2
314ሺ1000ሻ
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 166 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 160 𝑚𝑚
1890
 
Check spacing:
(min.) Spacing =100 mm (ok)
(max.) Spacing ≯3h = 3(120) = 360 mm

(max.) Spacing ≯450 mm

Temperature reinforcement
For fy = 276 MPa

Use 10 mm Ø bars.
TWO WAY SLAB
(Analysis by coefficient Method)

𝑀𝑠 = 𝐶𝑠 𝑤𝐿𝑠 2 (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑀𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑤𝐿𝑏 2 (𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
Cs and Cb = tabulated moment coefficients from table
w = uniform load 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐿𝑏 = length of clear span in long direction
𝐿𝑠 = length of clear span in short direction
Moments at the column strip is only 1/3 of the midspan moments.
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Design a monolithic reinforced
concrete slab having clear span
dimensions of 6m x 7.5m. the floor
slab is to carry a service live load of
6.56 MPa uniformly distributed over its
surface. fy=414 MPa, fc’=20.7 MPa.
 SOLUTION:
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙
Min. thickness = 180

ሺ6000+7500 ሻ2
Min. thickness =
180

Min. thickness = 150 mm

Try 150 mm slab.

Dead load = 0.150 (2400) (9.81)

=3532 Pa

=3.532 kPa
Considering I meter strip w = 16.09 kPa
𝑤 = 1.4 𝐷. 𝐿. +1.7𝐿. 𝐿.
𝐿
𝑤 = 1.4 (3.532) + 1.7(6.56) 𝑚 = 𝐿𝑠
𝑏

𝑤 = 4.94 + 11.15 = 16.09 𝑘𝑃𝑎 6

𝑚=
7.5

𝑚 = 0.8
 (NEGATIVE MOMENTS)

From table (Negative moments at continuous edge), case 4

Along short direction
Neg. Cs = 0.071
+ 𝑀𝑠𝐷𝐿 = 0.039ሺ4.94ሻ(6)2
Neg. Cb = 0.029
+ 𝑀𝑠𝐷𝐿 = 6.94 𝑘𝑁.𝑚
𝑀𝑠 = 𝐶𝑠 𝑤𝐿𝑠 2

𝑀𝑠 = 0.071 ሺ16.1ሻ(6)2 + 𝑀𝑠𝐿𝐿 = 0.048ሺ11.15ሻ(6)2

𝑀𝑠 = 41.152 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 + 𝑀𝑠𝐿𝐿 = 19.27 𝑘𝑁.𝑚

𝑀𝑏 = 0.029ሺ16.1ሻ(7.5)2 + 𝑀𝑇𝑠 = 6.94+ 19.27

𝑀𝑏 = 26.26 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 + 𝑀𝑇𝑠 = 26.21 𝑘𝑁.𝑚

Along long direction

𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝐷𝐿 = 4.94 𝑚

+ 𝑀𝑏𝐷𝐿 = 0.016ሺ4.94ሻ(7.5)2

+ 𝑀𝑏𝐷𝐿 = 4.446 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 11.15 𝑚

+ 𝑀𝑏𝐿𝐿 = 0.020ሺ11.15ሻ(7.5)2

+ 𝑀𝑏𝐿𝐿 = 12.544 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

+ 𝑀𝑇𝑏 = 11.15 + 12.544

+ 𝑀𝑇𝑏 = 17.01 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Negative moment at discontinuous edges equals 1/3 of positive moment.

1
− 𝑀𝑠 = 3 ሺ26.21ሻ = 8.74 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
1
− 𝑀𝑏 = 3 ሺ17.01ሻ = 5.67 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Along short direction:

(1) Mid span:

𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑑 2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
26210000 = 0.90 ሺ20.7ሻሺ1000ሻ(125)2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
𝜔ሺ1 − 0.59𝜔ሻ = 0.09
𝜔 − 0.59𝜔2 = 0.09
𝜔2 − 1.69𝜔 + 0.153 = 0
𝜔 = 0.0957
 𝜔𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌=
𝑓𝑦
0.0957(20.7)
𝜌=
414
𝜌 = 0.0048
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0048ሺ1000ሻሺ125ሻ
𝐴𝑠 = 600 𝑚𝑚2
Use 12 mm Ø bars
1000 𝜋(12)2
= = 600
𝑠 4
𝑆 = 188.4 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 180 𝑚𝑚
(2)
(1) Continuous Edge:
𝑀𝑢 = 41.152 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 41152000 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑑 2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
41152000 = = 0.90 ሺ20.7ሻሺ1000ሻ(125)2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
𝜔ሺ1 − 0.59𝜔ሻ = 0.141
𝜔 − 0.59𝜔 2 − 0.141 = 0
𝜔2 − 1.69𝜔 + 0.2396 = 0
𝜔 = 0.156
𝜔𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌=
𝑓𝑦
0.156(20.7)
𝜌=
414
𝜌 = 0.0078
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0078ሺ1000ሻሺ125ሻ
𝐴𝑠 = 975 𝑚𝑚2
1000 𝜋(12)2
= = 975
𝑠 4
𝑆 = 116 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 110 𝑚𝑚
(1)
(3) Discontinuous Edge:

Use 3 times the spacing of

midspan (moment is only 1/3 of
midspan)

S = 3 (180) = 540 mm > 500 mm

(ACI code)

Bent up two of every three bars

from the bottom steel
Along the long direction:

(1) Midspan 𝑑 = 125 − 6 = 119𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑢 = 17.01 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑑 2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
17010000 = 0.90ሺ20.7ሻሺ1000ሻ(119)2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
𝜔2 − 1.69𝜔 + 0.109 = 0
𝜔 = 0.0067
𝜔𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌=
𝑓𝑦
0.0067(20.7)
𝜌=
414
𝜌 = 0.0034
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0034ሺ1000ሻሺ119ሻ
𝐴𝑠 = 404.6 𝑚𝑚2
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 10 𝑚𝑚 Ø 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
1000 𝜋(10)2
= = 404.6
𝑠 4
𝑆 = 194 𝑠𝑎𝑦 190 𝑚𝑚
(2)(1) Continuous edge:
𝑀𝑢 = 26.26 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝑓𝑐′𝑏𝑑 2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
26260000 = 0.90ሺ20.7ሻሺ1000ሻ(125)2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
𝜔2 − 1.69𝜔 + 0.153 = 0
𝜔 = 0.096
𝜔𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌=
𝑓𝑦
0.096(20.7)
𝜌=
414
𝜌 = 0.0048
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0048ሺ1000ሻሺ125ሻ
𝐴𝑠 = 600 𝑚𝑚2
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 12 𝑚𝑚 Ø 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
1000 𝜋(12)2
= = 600
𝑠 4
𝑆 = 188.4 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 180 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
 (1) Discontinuous Edge:
(3)

Moment is only 1/3 at midspan

𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 3(190) = 570𝑚𝑚 > 500𝑚𝑚

Bent up two of every three bottom bars