Lecture/week 5

Advanced Power Electronics

Harmonic analysis :
•It is the process of finding the various sinusoids
present in a waveform which is not perfectly a
sinusoid.
• In power system, one of the factors that determines
power quality is the harmonic contents in the system
waveform
•When a sinusoid is modified, as in rectification, it is
associated with a number of other sinusoids of
various frequencies, not in the actual waveform
•These harmonics determine how distorted the waveform
is
•In power electronics, various processes (such as
rectification), distort the sinusoids and thereby adds
sinusoids of various frequencies into it, which is an
undesirable effect.
•These additional sinusoids pollute the power lines,
thereby increasing their impedance and hence affect
adversely the voltage drop scenario.
•Another more severe adverse effect is poor power factor
•It is due to this reason that utility companies do
not want these effects to come from load side on
to their system
•They therefore, impose power factor penalty on
commercial and industrial consumers
•It is there fore highly recommended to evaluate
the harmonic contents using harmonic analysis
•Here we will evaluate the harmonic contents in
rectified waves
•Power factor penalty
=2*fixed charges*billing demand*(0.9-pf)
•Fixed charges = Rs.220/- per KW
•Billing demand = max demand or 50% of the
connected load
•Pf. is the average pf over the billing period
•Energy meter (KWh) and KVAR meter
•Pf angle = invtan(KVAR/KWh) = 
•Pf = cos , which is average pf over billing period
•K= 2000MWh, R = 2100MVAR
•Max demand = 600MW
•Connected load = 2000MW
•Calculate pf penalty.
•Pf = 0.68 = cos[invtan(21/20)]
•Penalty= 2*220*1000*(0.9-0.68)= 96800
•Solution is pfi plant
Harmonic analysis of half wave uncontrolled
rectifier:
•Harmonic analysis is accomplished using
Fourier analysis
•For half wave uncontrolled rectifier case the
function to be processed using Fourier tool is
Vm sin ot.......... .... 0  t  
v(t )  
•  0.......... .......... ...  t  2
 Vm

0  2
•The harmonic contents of this waveform are given by the
most basic and simple trigonometric Fourier series expression:
 
v(t )  ao  a n cos not  b n sin not
• 2
n  even
1
n  odd

•ao is the average value of the wave form and has already been
obtained to equal to Vm/ for half wave rectified sinusoid
• The components of the waveform are sinusoids and an and bn
are their amplitudes, o being fundamental radian frequency
• is the frequency of nth harmonic

n o
an and bn are given by:

To
2
an   v(t ) cos notdt
To 0
and
To
2
bn   v(t ) sin notdt
To 0
•To evaluate an and bn, it is convenient to take
ot = , and the corresponding limits to 0 to ,
etc.
•Thus, for half wave rectified wave


2
an  
2 0
Vm sin ot cos notdt
•Since 
2 o
an  
2 0
Vm sin  cos ndt

o
Vm

2  2 sin  cos ndt
•=ot 0

•Using sin(+) + sin(-) = 2sin cos,

•We have
o
Vm
an  
2 0
[sin(1  n )d  sin(1  n )]d
 o
Vm
an  
2 0
[sin(1  n )d  sin(1  n )]d

 
V   cos(1  n)  Vm   cos(1  n) 
an  m     
2  1 n 0 2  1  n 0
  cos(1  n)   cos(1  n)  1 1 
 Vm     
an   1  n   1  n  1  n 1  n
2  
 
•Cos(1+n) = 1 for all odd n
•If n is odd, then
 1   1  1 1 
 Vm     
an  1  n  1  n  1  n 1  n
2  
 
0
•If n is even, then
•Cos(1+n) = Cos(1-n) = -1
  1   1  1 1 
 Vm     
an  1  n  1  n  1  n 1  n
2  
 
Vm  1   1 
    
2 1  n  1  n 
Vm  1   1 
 1  n   1  n 
    
Vm 2

 1  n2
   1   1  1 1 
 Vm     
an  1  n  1  n  1  n 1  n
2  
 
Vm   1   1 
 1  n   1  n 
2    
Vm  1   1 
 1  n   1  n 
    
Vm 2

 1  n2
•So we have

 0............ for..n  odd

 2V
an   m
...........n  even
 (1  n )
2