 

lim z u  z   u0 
z 

 
lim z 2 U  z   u0  u1 z 1 
z 
Unit impulse function :
The unit impulse function is
1 if n  0
  n  
0 if n  0
Z - transform of Unit impulse function :

Z   n       n  z  n   0    1 z 1    2  z 2  ...
n 0

 1  0  0  ...
1
Z   n    1
The unit step function is
 Inverse Z-transforms

1
Inverse Z  transform is denoted by Z
and it is defined as
Z U  z    un
1
Inverse Z-transform of standard functions

1 z 
Z   a n

z a
1  z 
Z   1
 z  1
1
 z 
Z  2
n
  z  1 
3
 Convolution theorem
If Z 1 U  z    un and Z 1 V  z    vn then
n
Z U  z  .V  z     um .vn m  un  vn
1

m0

Where * denotes the convolution operation.

Note:
The convolution theorem is very important in the solution of
difference equations and in probability problems involving
sum of two independent random variables
 n
  a mb n m
m0
m
n
a
 bn   
m 0  b 


n  a
0
    
a
1
a
2
  
a
n

 b          ...    
 b   b   b   b  
  a n 1 
    1
n  b    x n 1
1 
b  1  x  x  ...  x 
2 n

 a   x  1 
 b 1 
 
b n  a n 1  b n 1 
 n
b  a  b 
a n 1  b n 1

a b
 1

 z 2 
Using convolution theorem to evaluate Z  2
  z  a  
z z
Sol: Take U  z   and V  z  
za za
1  z 
Z U  z    Z 
1
 a n

z a
1  z 
Z V  z    Z 
1
 a n

 z  a 
Now by convolution theorem
 n
Z 1 U  z  .V  z    um vn m
m0


1  z 2  1  z z 
Z  2
Z  . 
  z  a   z a z a
n
  a m a nm
m0
m
a
n
 a  
n

m0  a 
n
a  1
n m

m0

 a n  n  1
 Problems for practice
z
If U  z   , find u , u 
 , u and
z 2
u3 
  
0 1 1 2
z  3 to evaluate Z   z  1 z  3 
z  2 theorem
Using convolution 3

 


1  z 2
 
Using convolution theorem to evaluate Z 1  z 
3
Using convolution theorem to evaluate Z   z  13 z  3 
  z  1 
 

 z 3 
Using convolution theorem to evaluate Z 1  z 3 
1  2
Using convolution theorem to evaluate Z   z  1 2
 z  7 
 
1

 z 2 
Using convolution theorem to evaluate Z  2
  z  7  