Presentation on

Multiplexers And Demultiplexers

&
Photo-Acoustic Spectroscopy

Presented by : Jayantkumar Bradiya

ROLL NO :- 20MEE207
Department of Electrical Engineering
Condition monitoring of Power Apparatus, NIT Hamirpur
2 CONTENTS

 MULTIPLEXERS
 Basic 2 input MUX
 Basic 4 input MUX
 IC Specification
 Cascading of MUX
 Examples
 Application of MUX
 DEMULTIPLEXERS
 Types of DEMUX
 IC Specification
 Application of DEMUX
 COST ANALYSIS
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3
Multiplexers

 Also known as data selectors

 A logic circuit that accepts several data inputs
 Allows only one of them at a time to get through output
 MANY TO ONE selector( N -to-1 device)
 Output controlled by select inputs (address inputs).
 Selects 1 out of N input data sources and transmits
selected data on the single output channel :-multiplexing

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4

 Types of multiplexing
i. Time multiplexing
ii. Frequency multiplexing
 Time multiplexing
 Several peripheral devices share a single transmission line / bus for communication
 Each device is allocated brief time in succession
 only one device is using bus at a time
 Frequency multiplexing
 Devices share common bus at a time
 Different frequencies allocated to different devices
 Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)

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5

  Basic function:
 select one of its data input lines and place the corresponding
information onto a single output line.
 input bits needed to specify which input line is to be selected.
 Place binary code for a desired data input line onto its select input
lines.

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6


A multiplexer has
Data
 N control inputs
inputs
 2N data inputs
 1 output

 DATA INPUTS :- I0 ,I1 ,…….,In Control

 CONTROL INPUT :- A input
 DATA OUTPUTS :- Z

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7 Basic 2 input MUX

Z = A′.I0 + A.I1

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8 Basic 4 input MUX

A B F
0 0 I0
0 1 I1
1 0 I2
1 1 I3

MSB LSB

Z = A′.B'.I0 + A'.B.I1 + A.B'.I2 + A.B.I3

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9

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10 Ic 74157
 Quad 2 input data selector / mux
 DIP
 Consist 2 input mux on single chip.
 DM74LS157 :- FARCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR

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11 IC 74151 A
 8 input data selector / MUX
 DIP
 DM74151A :- National semiconductors

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12

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13 CASCADING OF MUX

 Cascading 2- 8 bit MUX to get 16 bit

MUX

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14
Example:
𝑓 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 )=∑𝑚(0,1,5,6,7,9,13,14 )
 

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15 Example

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16 Example

Multiplexer Tree
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17

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Data selection

Data routing

Application of
Operation sequencing
mux
Parallel to serial conversion

Waveform generator

Logic and functional generator

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19 deMultiplexers

 Also known as data distributors

 A logic circuit that accepts single data input
 Distributes over several outputs. Opposite operation.
 ONE TO MANY selector ( 1 -to-N device)
 Output controlled by select inputs (address inputs).
 Takes 1 input data source and selectively distributes to
1- to-N output channel ( multi position switch)

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 20
Out0 W W = A'.B'.I

A demultiplexer has Out1 X X = A.B'.I
I In Out2 Y
 N control inputs Y = A'.B.I
Out3 Z
 1 data input S1 S0 Z = A.B.I
 2N outputs

A demultiplexer routes (or connects) A B
the data input to the selected output. A B W X Y Z
 The value of the control inputs 0 0 I 0 0 0
determines the output that is 0 1 0 I 0 0
selected. 1 0 0 0 I 0
1 1 0 0 0 I

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21 Types of demux

  1-to-2 (1 select line)

  1-to-4 (2 select lines)
  1-to-8 (3 select lines)
  1-to-16 (4 select lines)

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1 Line to 4 line Demux 1 LINE TO 8 LINE
DEMUX

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 23 Ic 74139

 Quad 2 input DEMUX/ DECODER

 DIP
 Consist 2 ;4 input demux on single chip.
 DM74LS139 :- MOTOROLA

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24

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25
IC 74138
 1-of-8 high-speed TTL demultiplexer
 Single 8 – channel demux
 OE (output enable, active low) input
 DIP
 IC SN74LS138:- TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

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27 1 to 8 DeMux Using 1 to 4 DeMultiplexers

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28 IC 74155

 dual 1−line−to−4−line demultiplexers

 OE (output enable, active low) input
 16−Lead plastic DIP type package
 IC NTE74155 :- NTE ELECTRONICS

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29 Data selection

Microprocessors and microcontrollers

Serial to parallel data conversion Application of

Communication systems
DEmux

Memory selection

Data acquisition systems

security monitoring systems

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30 COST ANALYSIS

IC NAME MUX OR DEMUX PRICE PER PIECE

IC 74157 MUX 20 TO 40 RS.

IC 74151A MUX 30 TO 50 RS.

IC 74139 DECODER / DEMUX 25 TO 40 RS.

IC 74325 DECODER / DEMUX 20 TO 40 RS.

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31
REFERENCES
[1] Digital Circuit by Anand Kumar , PHI , 4TH edition
[2] IC DATASHEETS
[3] https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/sdls014/sdls014.pdf
[4] https://www.nteinc.com/specs
[5] https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/multiplexers-in-digital-logic/
[6] https://www.electronicshub.org/multiplexer-and-demultiplexer/
[7] https://dir.indiamart.com/

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PHOTO ACOUSTIC
SPECTROSCOPY
33 CONTENTS
 Glimpse of techniques used
 Histroy
 Spectroscopy
 Photo-acoustic Spectroscopy
 Block representations
 Principle
 PAS IN DGA
 GE’s Kelman Transport X
 Applications
 Pros and Cons
 Vendors
 Cost estimates
 References
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34 GLIMPSE OF TECHNIQUES USED

 Oil sample collection

 Gas extraction methods
 Limited (insulating oil) testing labs
 Time taking procedure
 Destructive type tests
 Construction and procedural complexities
 Highly skilled chemists
 Qualitative constraints ( accuracy)

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 35 HISTROY of PAS

 Alexender Graham Bell discovered Photoacoustic

Effect in 1880

 Used the newly discovered selenium cell in the receiver

Observed that sound waves were also produced directly
from a solid sample when exposed to a periodically
modulated beam of sunlight.
The loudest sound was heard when the sample was
carbon black.

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36 What is SPECTROSCOPY ???

 Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation and

matter.
  Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by the wave properties of frequency
(ν), wavelength ( λ), and velocity (c). All electromagnetic radiation travels in a
vacuum at a constant velocity: c = 3.00 x 108 m/s, the speed of light.
ν λ= c
 The energy (E) of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to its
frequency:
E=hν
 h is Planck's Constant, equal to 6.626 x 10-34 J-sec/photon
Or 3.99 x 10-13 kJ·s·mol-1.

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37

 Using spectroscopy, chemists

can identify different species
present in a sample or "map out"
the structure of a molecule.
 All atoms of all elements do has
its own unique emission
spectrum that consists only of a
few narrow lines.

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38
ΔE = Eu−El = hν
• Frequency falls between 109 - 1011 which is in the microwave range correlates to
the rotation of polyatomic molecules.
• Frequency falls between 1011 - 1013 which is in the far infrared range correlates to
the rotation of small molecules.
• Frequency falls between 1013 - 1014 which is in the infrared range correlates to the
vibrations of flexible bonds.
• Frequency falls between 1014 - 1016 which is in the visible and ultraviolet range
correlates to the electronic transitions.

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39 Photo Acoustic Spectroscopy ( PAS)

 Photoacoustic spectroscopy is the measurement of the effect of absorbed electromagnetic

energy  (particularly of light) on matter by means of acoustic detection.
 Principle:- A gas substance absorbs light energy following local heating by an IR light and
transforms it into kinetic energy (by the energy exchange process).
 Regularly interrupting this process causes a series of pressure waves (sound) that can be
detected by microphones.
 By measuring the sound at different wavelengths, the photo acoustic spectrum of a gas
sample can be recorded. This spectrum can then be used to identify the absorbing
components of the sample .

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 .
40

Generic location of bond absorptions that can lead, through vibrational excitation to
the acoustic effect in a Photoacoustic Spectrometer. When the exact compounds of
interest are known specific regions of the spectrum can be focused upon for
quantitative
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and qualitative analysis. 01/22/2021
41 Photo-Acoustic effect principle
Modulated Light
Absorption: Ia = αI0
Absorption
Ia
T 
C p V
Local Heating

V  V0 (  T )

Thermal Expansion

Pressure  (v ac
2
)( T )

Pressure Wave =
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Sound wave
42 Block Representation

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43

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 Decreasing Oxygen and

increasing carbon monoxide
and carbon dioxide. Leading
eventually to a rapid increase in
hydrogen and acetylene
indicating an electrical fault.

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  The gases that are associated with specific fault types are
46
 Hydrogen (H2)
 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
 Ethane (C2H6)
 Methane (CH4)
 Ethylene (C2H4)
 Acetylene (C2H2).
 They are known collectively as the “diagnostic gases”.
 Analysis of these gases allows for the diagnosis of developing faults using a variety of
methods
 Duval’s Triangle
 Key Gas Method
 Rogers’ Ratios
 Japan ETRA
 Gas Pattern Analysis Method
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47 PHOTO ACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY IN DISSOLVED GAS
ANALYSIS

 hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), ethane
(C2H6), ethylene (C2H6), and ethyne (C2H2)
 CARIER GAS :-detect the concentrations of gases dissolved in oil.

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50
FAULT GAS CALIBRATED RANGE (ppm)

Hydrogen (H2) 5 – 5,000

Carbon dioxide (CO2) 2 – 50,000

Carbon monoxide (CO) 1 – 50,000

Methane (CH4) 1 – 50,000

Ethane (C2H6) 1 – 50,000

Ethylene (C2H4) 1 – 50,000

Acetylene (C2H2) 0.5 – 50,000

Water (H2O) 0 – 100 % relative saturation

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51 Technical Specifications of TRANSPORT X

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52

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54 Research Applications

 Hydrocarbon Fuels , Coals , Liquid Fuels

 Organic Chemistry ,Spectra of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons &Far-Infrared PA Spectra of
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
 Inorganic Chemistry ,Carbonyl Compounds 176
 Semiconductors ,Superconductors
 Biology and Biochemistry
 Medical Applications
 Food Products ,Agricultural Grains
 Clays and Minerals
 Textiles

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55 Commercial Applications

 Flue gas monitoring

 Effluent treatment
 food processing industries
 Minerals and Oil extraction
 Conditioning monitoring of power apparatus.
GIS , BREAKERS , TRANSFORMERS, VALVE
COOLING , ETC.
 Diagnosis of diseases

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 56
Major Advantages
(1) Characterized by high monitoring sensitivity -it directly
measures the energy absorbed by gases without background
noise
(2) Doesn’t require chromatographic columns and sensors,
(3) does not require a calibration gas
(4) displays a high level of versatility
(5) Pc environment friendly
(6) Less interference of noise signal
(7) High sensitivity
Cons….
• Temperature dependent
• Sound wave dependant
• Costlly equipments.

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57

 General Electric – GE
 GE Hydran M2
 GE Kelman Transport X2
FUJIFILM Vevo LAZR-X
Market Huazhao Inc.

suppliers of Linkel group

PAS

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58

Cost analysis

 GE Kelman Transport X2 Portable Dissolved Gas Analyser With 5 Year Warranty

3.5 – 4 lacs Rs
 GE Hydran M2 gas analyser – 1500 rs./ piece

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59
REFERENCES
[1] McQuarrie, Donald A. Physical Chemistry. 2nd ed. United States Of America: University Science Books,
2008. 321-24
[2] https://www.gegridsolutions.com/md/catalog/transportx.html
[3] Detection of Dissolved Gas in Oil–Insulated Electrical Apparatus by Photoacoustic Spectroscopy ; Zhixin
Mao and Jingyu Wen ,Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
[4] Photoacoustic IR Spectroscopy , Kirk H. Michaelian , Second, Revised and Enlarged edition ; Wiley.
[5] Study on the Gas Pressure Characteristics of Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Detection for Dissolved Gases in
Transformer Oil, Fu Wan, Weigen Chen, Xiaojuan Peng, Jing Shi ; Chongqing University,China
[6] Photo-Acoustic Spectroscopy for dissolved gas analysis , Donal Skelly ,GE Energy ; IEEE 2012
[7] Photoacoustic Spectroscopy in Trace Gas Monitoring , Frans J.M. Harren and Simona M.
CristescuRadboud University Nijmegen.
[8] https://chem.libretexts.org
[9] https://soundandscience.de/text/production-and-reproduction-sound-light

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 THANK YOU !

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61

DISCUSSION…..

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