THE FOLLOWING CAUSES OF FAILURES THAT ARE

WITNESSED IN RECENT EARTHQUAKES

CAUSES

CARELESS
NESS

IGNORAN
GREED CE

NEGLIGEN
CE
MAJOR EARTHQUAKE OCCURS IN INDIA
RECENT MAJOR EARTHQUAKE OCCURS IN THE WORLD

Date Time (UTC) Place Fatalities Magnitude Comments

Mw(HRV)
26 JAN 2001 8:46 BHUJ EARTHQUAKE,GUJRAT,INDIA 13800-20000 7.7
25 MAR 2001 14:56 HINDU KUSH EARTHQUAKE,AFGHANISTAN 1012 6.1 Mw(HRV)

21 MAY 2003 18:44 BOUMERDES EARTHQUAKE 2266 6.8 Mw(HRV)

,NORTHERN ALGERIA

26 DEC 2003 1:56 BAM EARTHQUAKE, SOUTHEASTERN IRAN 27000-31000 6.6 Mw(USGS)
26 DEC 2004 0:58 SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE 2,30,000- 9.1 Mw(USGS)
{TSUNAMI} INDONESIA 3,00,000
28 MAR 2005 16:09 NIAS-SIMEULUE EARTHQUAKE, NORTHERN 1313 8.6 Mw(USGS)
SUMATRA, INDONESIA
26 MAY 2006 22:53 YOGYAKARTA EARTHQUAKE, 5782 6.3 Mw(USGS)
JAVA,INDONESIA
12 MAY 2008 6:28 SICHUAN EARTHQUAKE, CHINA 69197 7.9 Mw(USGS)
30 SEPT 2009 10:16 SOUTHERN SUMATRA 1115 7.6 Mw(USGS)
EARTHQUAKE,INDONESIA
12 JAN 2010 21:53 1,60,000- 7.0 Mw(USGS)
HAITI EARTHQUAKE, HAITI 3,16,000
13 APR 2010 23:49 YUSHU EARTHQUAKE, CHINA 2698 6.9 Mw(USGS)
11 MAR 2011 5:46 TOHUKU EARTHQUAKE, JAPAN 18184-20,500 9.0 Mw(USGS)
24 SEPT 2013 11:29 BALOCHISTAN EARTHQUAKE, PAKISTAN 825 6.8 Mw(USGS)
25 APRIL 2015 11:56 NEPAL EARTHQUAKE, NEPAL 9018 7.8 Mw(USGS)
16 APRIL 2016 23:58 EQUADOR EARTHQUAKE 673 7.8 Mw(USGS)
7 DEC 2016 5:03 NORTH-EASTERN COAST SUMATRA , ACEH 100 6.5 Mw(USGS)
EARTHQUAKE, INDONESIA
Magnitude 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
8+ 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 1 0
7–7.9 18 16 13 12 11 18 14 16 11 18

6–6.9 109 96 166 137 146 183 149 120 117 116

5–5.9 1617 1457 1498 1426 1542 1318 1222 1113 979 1104

Estimated
52056 3210 3920 10096 1634 7980 589 3069 9430 22662
Deaths

Magnitude 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

8.0+ 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 4 0 1 1 1 2 2 1 1

7–7.9 14 15 13 14 14 10 9 14 12 16 23 19 12 17 11 18

6–6.9 146 121 127 140 141 140 142 178 168 144 150 185 108 123 143 127

5–5.9 1344 1224 1201 1203 1515 1693 1712 2074 1768 1896 2209 2276 1401 1453 1574 1419

Estimated 231 21357 1685 33819 298101 87992 6605 708 88708 1790 226050 21942 689 1572 756 9624
Deaths

STATISITICS SOURCE :- http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/browse/stats.php

SEISMIC ZONING OF INDIA
HOW STRUCTURES BEHAVE DURING EARTHQUAKE ?
Identification of Seismic Damages in Structures

Soft Storey Failures

Floating Columns
Shear Failure in Captive Columns(short column)
Bulging / Crushing of Columns
Shear and Flexure Failure of Beams
Beam-Column Joints Failure
Discontinuous Load Path
Shear Cracking of Infill Masonry Walls
Pounding of Buildings
Toppling of Exterior Masonry Walls
Splitting of Thick Stone Masonry Walls
Effect of Structural Irregularity on performance
of Structures During Earthquake

STRUCTURAL
IRREGULARITY

Vertical irregularity
Plan Irregularity
Vertical discontinuity in load path
Diaphragm discontinuity
Stiffness Irregularity
Re-entrant corners
Mass irregularity
Non-parallel structural system
Vertical geometric irregularity
How we increase
stiffness ?
Set back buildings BUILDING WITH NO IRREGULARITY

Step back buildings

 various seismic resistant building characteristics
Mode Shapes and Natural Period
Building Frequency and Ground Frequency
Damping
Structural Configuration
Ductility
Stiffness
Seismic Weight
Redundancy
Non-Structural Element
Foundation Soil
Building Foundation
Quality of Building Materials(R.C.C, Masonry etc. )
Workmanship of Construction(specially construction joints &
Reinforcement detailing.)
Dynamic characteristics of Buildings

DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS

MODES OF OSCILLATION DAMPING

Viscous damping Fraction damping Hysteretic damping

 Factors Influencing Natural period

(1) Effect of Stiffness

Stiffer buildings have smaller natural period
(2) Effect of Mass
Heavier buildings have larger natural period
(3) Effect of Building Height
Taller buildings have larger natural period
(4) Effect of Column Orientation
 Buildings with larger column dimension oriented in the X-direction reduces the
translational natural period of oscillation in X-direction
 Buildings with larger column dimension oriented in the Y-direction reduces the
translational natural period of oscillation in Y-direction
(5) Effect of Unreinforced Masonry Infill Walls in RC Frames
Natural Period of building is lower when the stiffness contribution of URM infill is
considered
(6) Effect of Cracked Sections on Analysis of RC Frames
Natural Period of building is estimated using Gross Stiffness is lower than natural period
of building estimated using Effective Stiffness.
Seismic Resistant Building Design
Seismic Resistant R.C.C Buildings
By Adding Shear
wall
How to Build Confined Masonry House
SEISMIC EVALUATION OF BUILDING STRUCTURES
 SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF BUILDINGS
1. By reducing the seismic demands on members and the
structure as a whole
By using Base Isolation techniques.
By using Various Dampers.

2. By increasing the structure capacities

By using various Bracing system.
By adopting various Structural system.
By adding Shear wall.
By adding infill walls in Moment Resisting framed
system.
By making confined masonry houses.
By following various codal provisions.
3. By increasing the damaged member capacities

A. Repair of Damaged Members

 Replacement of buckled or fractured bars.
 Injection of cracks with epoxy or sometimes grout.
 Replacement of concrete that is loose, or has spalled, or has been
removed to replace bars.

B. RCC Jacketing

C. Jackets of Externally Bonded Fibred Reinforce Polymers (FRP)

D. Steel Jacketing
 VARIOUS INDIAN STANDARD CODES
IS:1893-2002 PART-1 CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
OF STRUCTURES (PART 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS AND BUILDINGS)

IS:4326-1993 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

OF BUILDINGS- CODE OF PRACTICE

IS 13920:1993 DUCTILE DETAILING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC FORCES- CODE OF PRACTICE

IS: 13828-1993 IMPROVING EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF LOW

STRENGTH MASONRY BUILDINGS- GUIDELINES

IS 13935:2009 SEISMIC EVALUATION, REPAIR AND STRENGTHENING

OF MASONRY BUILDINGS — GUIDELINES
 ACTIVELY INVOLVED AGENCIES IN
MONITERING SEISMIC ACTIVITY
National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC)
National Information Centre of Earthquake
Engineering(NICEE)
 National Earthquake Hazards Reduction
Program
1. Federal Emergency Management
Agency(FEMA)
2. United States Geological Survey(USGS)
3. National Science Foundation
4. National Institute of Standards and
Technology
 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
IS:1893-2002 PART-1
IS:4326-1993
IS : 13920-1993
IS : 13828-1993
IS : 13935- 2009
EARTHQUAKE TIPS BY C.V.R MURTHY
EARTHQUAKE BEHAVIOUR OF BUILDING BY C.V.R MURTHY
CONFINED MASONRY HOUSE BY C.V.R MURTHY
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCTURES BY PANKAJ AGARWAL AND
MANISH SHRIKHANDE,PHI PUBLICATION
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCTURES BY S.K.DUGGAL,OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
RAPID VISUAL SCREENING OF MASONARY BUILDINGS BY PROF. ARYA
RAPID VISUAL SCREENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS BY PROF. ARYA
REPAIR AND REHABILITATION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES BY PUNAM I.MODI
AND CHIRAG N.PATEL, PHI PUBLICATION
SOME PHOTOGRAPHS ARE TAKEN FROM GOOGLE IMAGES
 THANKING
YOU