HVAC ASSIGNMENT

TOPICS
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY GROUP MEMBERS
MUHAMMED RIZWAN
HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT ASWATHY S LAL
CONDUCTION THROUGH PLANE WALL GOVIND A
 THERMAL
CONDUCTIVITY
INTRODUCTION
• The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to 
conduct heat. It is commonly denoted by ’k’.
• Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate in materials of low thermal
conductivity than in materials of high thermal conductivity.
• Metals typically have high thermal conductivity and are very efficient
at conducting heat
• Materials of high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat sink
 applications and materials of low thermal conductivity are used as 
thermal insulation.
Definition

• Thermal conduction is defined as the transport of energy due to

random molecular motion across a temperature gradient.
• It is distinguished from energy transport by convection and molecular
work in that it does not involve macroscopic flows or work-performing
internal stresses.
• Energy flow due to thermal conduction is classified as heat and is
quantified by the vector q(r,t) which gives the heat flux at
position r and time t.
• q(r,t) = -k▼T(r,t)
• Where the constant of proportionality, k>0 , is the thermal
conductivity. This is called Fourier's law of heat conduction.
• In some solids, thermal conduction is anisotropic, i.e. the heat flux is
not always parallel to the temperature gradient. To account for such
behavior, a tensorial form of Fourier's law must be used:

.
q(r,t) = -k ▼T(r,t)
•  International System of Units (SI), thermal conductivity is measured
in watts per meter-kelvin (W/(m⋅K))
Heat transfer coefficient
INTRODUCTION
• Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient is a measure of overall ability of a
series of conductive and convective barrier to transfer heat.
• It is commonly applied to calculation of heat transfer in heat
exchanges but can be applied equally well to other problems.
• Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient or U-ve value refers to how well
heat is conducted over a series of mediums.
• Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient is influenced by thickness and
thermal conductivity of medium through which heat is transferred.
The larger the coefficient, the easier heat is transferred from its
source to product being heated.
• In a heat exchanger,relationship between Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficient (U) and heat transfer rate (Q) can be demonstrated by t.

• The following equation,

Q=UAdT LM

•Q = heat transfer rate, W= J/s(btu/hr)

•A =heat transfer surface area m2(ft2)
•U =overall heat transfer coefficient W/m2°C(Btu/hr-ft2°F)
• dT LM =logarithmic mean temperature difference °C(°F)
• Heat Transfer Coefficient has SI units in W/(m2K).
• Heat Transfer Coefficient is the inverse of thermal insurance
this is used for building materials (R-ve value) and for clothing
insulation.

• To simplify the calculations,following values may be used as a

reference for convective heat transfer coefficients.
 HEAT CONDUCTION
THROUGH PLANE WALL
Heat Conduction through a Plane Wall

• Consider one-dimensional heat conduction through a

homogeneous, isotropic wall of thickness 8 with constant
thermal conductivity k and constant cross-sectional area A. The
wall is insulated on its lateral faces and constant but different
temperatures t1 and f2 are maintained at its boundary surfaces.
Obviously temperature varies only in the direction normal to the
wall and the temperature potential causes heat transfer in the
positive x-direction
• The attention is focused on an elementary strip of thickness dx
located at a distance x from the reference plane. The
temperature difference across the strip is dt and obviously the
temperature gradient is dt/dx. Since Q is constant in a steady
state, the terms of the Fourier rate equations Q = – kA (dt/dx)
may be separated and integrated directly between the limits t =
t1 at x = 0 and t = t2 at x = δ. Thus-
• The expression for steady state temperature
distribution can be set up by integrating the Fourier
rate equation between the limits:
• (i) x = 0 where the temperature is stated to be t1.
• (ii) x = x where the temperature is to be worked out
• where Rt = δ/kA is the thermal resistance to heat flow.
Equivalent thermal circuit for heat flow through a plane wall has
been included in Fig. 3.1
• Example 1:
• The interior of an oven is maintained at a temperature of 850°C
by means of a suitable control apparatus. The oven walls are
500 mm thick and are fabricated from a material of thermal
conductivity 0.3 W/m-deg. For an outside wall temperature of
250°C, workout the resistance to heat flow and the heat flow per
square metre of wall surface. Also calculate the temperature at a
point 200 mm from the interior side.
• Solution:
• For a plane wall of thickness δ, conductivity k and area A, the
thermal resistance Rt is given by-