DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION

PROCESS OF TRANSLATING
DEFINITION AND PROCESS

DEFINITION

Translation is the replacement of textual material in one

language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another
language (TL). (Catford, 1965)

Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another

language in the way that the author intended the text.
(Newmark, 1988: 5)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS

Translation is studying the lexicon, grammatical structure,

communication situation, and cultural context of the
source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its
meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning
using lexicon and grammatical structure which are
appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural
context. (Larson, 1984: 3)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS

PROCESS OF TRANSLATING

ORIGINAL TEXT
ANALYZING DRAFTING
(source language)

TRANSLATION TEXT
REVISING FINALIZING (target language)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS

MAIN PURPOSES OF ANALYZING

Understanding Learning Learning

what it is about the readership the stylistic scale
(by reading) (age, education, gender) (degree of language)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS

Stylistic Scale
(Degree of Formality)

Official
Formal
Neutral
Informal
Colloquialism
Slang
Taboo

(Newmark, 1988)
DEFINITION AND PROCESS

Official
The consumption of any nutriment is categorically prohibited
in this establishment

Formal
You are requested not to consume food in this establishment

Neutral
Eating is not allowed here
DEFINITION AND PROCESS

Informal
Please don’t eat here

Colloquialism
You can’t feed your face here

Slang
Lay off the nosh

Taboo
Lay off the fucking nosh
DEFINITION AND PROCESS

STYLISTIC SCALE and TRANSLATION

Degree of Formality

source language target language

(original text) (translation text)

Official Official
Formal Formal
Neutral Neutral
Informal Informal
Colloquialism Colloquialism
Slang Slang
Taboo Taboo
DEFINITION AND PROCESS

Time Management

ANALYZING DRAFTING REVISING FINALIZING

10 PERCENT 40 PERCENTS 40 PERCENTS 10 PERCENT

Understanding general reproduction accuracy naturalness

& identifying
 SHIFT

TRANSPOSITION AND MODULATION

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

SHIFT
(TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

“Transposition is a translation procedure involving a change

in the grammar from SL to TL”
(Newmark, 1988: 85)

“Modulasi melibatkan pergeseran makna karena terjadi

perubahan perpektif dan sudut pandang”
(Machali, 2000: 69)
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

SHIFT 1
(transposition)

A shift from singular into plural (plural into singular)

tumbuh-tumbuhan : plants

banyak sayur : many vegetables

tiga macam perawatan : three treatments
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

SHIFT 2-A
A structural change that involves word-position in phrase

1-2-3

3-2-1

buah - pisang - yang segar

fresh - banana - fruit

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

A popular - cheap - food

makanan - murah - yang terkenal

splendid modern food processor

Alat pengolah makanan moderen yang sangat bagus

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

phrase with adverb

1–2–3

3–1-2

highly - recommended - system

sistem - yang sangat - direkomendasikan

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

Shift 2-B

A structural change that involves word-position in sentence

Manfaat bunga pisang sudah kami bahas pada artikel ini.

We have been discussing the benefits of banana flower in this article

Buku ini harus kamu baca

You must read the book

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

Shift 3
a change in part of speech

noun + noun noun + noun adverb + verb

verb + noun adj + noun verb + adj

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

mesin pembunuh

killing machine

bahan kimia chemical material

...is categorically prohibited.

…dikategorikan terlarang.
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

in sentence

…… for the pursuit of happiness.

…untuk meraih/ mengejar kebahagiaan.

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

SHIFT 4
from explicit into implicit
(implicit into explicit)

Tumbuhan yang tumbuh di sana itu adalah jagung.

The plant (which is) growing there is a corn.

implicit

The plant growing there is a corn.

SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

SHIFT 5
from clause into particular type of phrase
(phrase into clause) – (phrase with adjective verb)

manfaat kesehatan yang menakjubkan

amazing health benefits

cara hidup yang sehat

living a healthy life
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

SHIFT 6
from word into phrase or clause
(clause into word)

cozy
suasana nyaman, hangat, dan akrab

incommunicado
kondisi terputus komunikasi dengan dunia luar

interchangeability
kondisi bisa saling dipertukarkan
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

SHIFT 7
(modulation)

specific meaning general meaning

padi : rice
gabah : rice
beras : rice
nasi : rice
anggur : grape
anggur : wine
SHIFT (TRANSPOSITION & MODULATION)

SHIFT 8
(modulation)

coining a new term for a series of word

train : berlatih
training : pelatihan
trainer : pelatih
trainee : peserta pelatihan
 BANANA CHIPS
There are several different types of banana chips:
• Banana figs -These are bananas which are cut into slices and then
dried either in the sun or by artificial means. Savoury banana chips
-These are banana slices which have been predried for a short
period of time (eg 5 -6 hours) until they have a slight rubbery texture.
It is difficult to give an exact drying time as bananas will have
differing water contents. In such cases it is best to test by trial and
error. After drying, the slices are fried in hot oil until they turn a
golden brown colour. They are drained in order to remove the
excess oil, and subsequently flavoured with a variety of spices.
• Sweet banana chips -These are bananas slices which have either
been soaked or dipped in a strong sugar syrup or honey.
 TRACTOR
A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a
high tractive effort at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a
trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. Most
commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides
the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially
tillage, but nowadays it has a great variety of tasks. Agricultural
implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and
the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is
mechanized.
 Susu kedelai

Susu kedelai (juga disebut jus kacang kedelai dan kadang-kadang disebut
sebagai minuman kedelai / minuman) adalah minuman yang terbuat dari
kacang kedelai . Sebuah pokok tradisional masakan Asia , itu adalah
emulsi stabil minyak, air, dan protein . Hal ini dihasilkan dengan merendam
kedelai kering dan menggiling mereka dengan air. Susu kedelai mengandung
tentang proporsi yang sama dari protein seperti susu sapi: sekitar 3,5%, juga
2% lemak , 2,9% karbohidrat , dan 0,5% abu . Susu kedelai dapat dibuat di
rumah dengan alat-alat dapur tradisional atau dengan mesin susu kedelai .
Protein digumpalkan dari susu kedelai dapat dibuat menjadi tahu , seperti susu
susu dapat dibuat menjadi keju .
 Ecological impact
Using soybeans to make milk instead of raising cows may be ecologically
advantageous, because the amount of soy that could be grown using the same
amount of land would feed more people than if used to raise cows. Cows
require much more energy in order to produce milk, since the farmer must feed
the animal, which can consume up to 24 kilograms (53 pounds) of food in dry
matter (DM) basis and 90 to 180 litres (25 to 50 gallons) of water a day,
producing an average of 40 kilograms of milk a day. Because the soybean plant
is a legume, it also replenishes the nitrogen content of the soil in which it is
grown.
In Brazil, the explosion of soybean cultivation has led to losing large tracts of
forest land leading to ecological damage. These particular cleared forests are
planted with soy intended for animal agricultural enterprises (especially beef
and pork production), not for human consumption.
The American soil scientist Dr. Andrew McClung was the first to devise a
method to grow soybeans in the Cerrado region of Brazil (tropical savanna). He
was awarded with the 2006 World Food Prize.
KINDS OF TRANSLATION
&
KINDS OF TEXT
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

KINDS OF TRANSLATION

1. Literal translation

2. Communicative/ dynamic/ idiomatic translation

3. Free translation
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

Literal Translation

Aku ingin berdansa denganmu

I want to dance with you

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

Suaramu begitu indah

Your voice is so beautiful

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

Ada sejumlah anak laki-laki sedang menunggu di luar

There are a number of boys waiting outside

Dia tidak percaya kalau hantu itu ada

He doesn’t believe that ghosts exist

Suharto telah meninggal dunia dengan tenang

Suharto has peacefully passed away

Bersatu kita teguh, bercerai kita runtuh

United we stand, divided we fall.
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

Saya tidak tahu bagaimana dengan orang lain, tapi ketika

saya masih muda dan berumur 20-an, saya takut pada
pernikahan.
I don’t know with other people, but when I was young and about
20’s, I was afraid of marriage.

Kami bangsa Indonesia dengan ini menyatakan kemerdekaan

Indonesia.
We the people of Indonesia herewith to proclaim the
independence of Indonesia
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

Pemindahan penduduk asli Amerika dari bagian timur Sungai

Mussissipi pertama kali diusulkan Presiden Thomas
Jefferson.
The relocation of the American natives from eastern Mississipi
River was firstly proposed by President Thomas Jefferson.

Burung laut Artik pernah lama berada di urutan teratas

sebagai burung dengan jarak migrasi terpanjang.
Artic seagulls (sea-birds) have long been on the top rank as the
bird with the longest distance of migration.
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

Communicative/ Dynamic/ Idiomatic

(Communicative : Newmark) (Dynamic : Nida) (Idiomatic : Larsen)

Omong-omong
By the way

Tidak bisa!
Nggak mungkinlah!
No way!

Yang benar saja

Give me a break
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

Sangat baik!
Never better!

Ini hal yang sangat gampang.

It’s a piece of cage.

Awas kaca!
Glass. Don’t touch!
Fragile!

Ayo, ambil keputusan bung!

Tetapkan pilihanmu!
Make up your mind man!
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

Aquos, unmistakably Japanese

Aquos, produk Jepang yang sempurna

Untuk saat ini namaku tak perlu kusebut

I don’t think I have to mention my name right know.
My name is not important right now.

Pamannya adalah warga banteng

His uncle is the member of PDIP
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

COMPARING LITERAL TRANSLATION WITH

COMMUNICATIVE-DYNAMIC-IDIOMATIC

• When do we use literal translation?

• When do we use communicative or dynamic
translation?
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

When literal translation is strongly suggested.

You are what you read.

Kamu adalah apa yang kamu baca.

(literal)

Apa yang kamu baca itu akan menunjukkan siapa dirimu

sebenarnya.
(communicative)
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

When communicative & dynamic translation

is strongly suggested and highly recommended

It’s a piece of cage

Ini sepotong kue
Ini hal yang sangat gampang

Awas kaca!
Beware of glass!
Glass. Don’t touch!

Dia masih kosong

She’s still empty
She has no boyfriend
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

Aquos, unmistakably Japanese

Aquos, produk Jepang yang tak bisa salah.
Aquos, produk Jepang yang sempurna

Untuk saat ini namaku tak perlu kusebut

For this time my name is not necessary to mention
I don’t think I have to mention my name right know
My name is not important right now.

Pamannya adalah anggota banteng

His uncle is the member of buffalo
His uncle is the member of PDIP
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

“It is not easy to consistently translate idiomatically. A

translator may express some parts of his translation (words,
phrases, clauses, sentences) in very natural forms (idiomatic,

dynamic, communicative), and then in other parts fall back into a

literal form”
(Larsen, 1984: 17)

(Italic letter is addition)

KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

A paragraph

Sentence 1 Sentence 2

Sentence 3 Sentence 4

Sentence 5

(Sentence 1) (Sentence 2)
translated by literal translation translated by communicative/ dyn/ idio

(sentence 3)
(Sentence 4)
translated
translated by literal
by literal

(Sentence 5)
Translated by communicative/ dynamic/ idiomatic
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

KINDS OF TEXT
(BASED ON THE FUCNTION)

EXPRESSIVE TEXT

INFORMATIVE TEXT

VOCATIVE TEXT
KINDS OF TRANSLATION AND TEXT

EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION
Emphasizing : author centered, personal use, self-oriented,
creative, subjective, etc
Used in : poetry, speech, novel, drama, popular
writing, etc.
Translation : mostly dynamic & communicative translation

INFORMATIVE FUNCTION
Emphasizing : the content the text, extra-linguistic
information, etc
Used in : news, reports, agreement, academic
writing, science and technology, etc
Translation : literal & dynamic/ communicative
 VOCATIVE FUNCTION

Emphasizing : the readership, persuade readers to act as

expected by the author/ writer, etc
Used in : advertising, propaganda, campaign,
announcement, instruction, regulation, etc.
Translation : mostly literal
COLLOCATION
COLLOCATION

DEFINITION

Semantically arbitrary restrictions which do not follow logically from the

propositional meaning of a word
(Baker, 1992: 47)

Habitual co-occurrence of individual lexical items

(Newmark, 1988)

Kolokasi merupakan kombinasi tetap beberapa kata dimana makna

masing-masing kata pembentuknya pada dasarnya dipertahankan
(Simatupang, 1999: 57)
COLLOCATION

COMMON COLLOCATION

• verb plus noun

• noun plus adjective

• noun plus noun
• verb plus adverb
COLLOCATION

Example:
verb and noun

The verb “pay” collocates with noun:

“attention” in “to pay attention”

“respect” in “to pay respect”
“visit” in “to pay a visit”
COLLOCATION

The verb “deliver” collocates with noun:

• speech in “to deliver a speech”

• news in “to deliver news”
• blow in “to deliver a blow”
• verdict in “to deliver a verdict”
• baby in “to deliver a baby”
COLLOCATION

When two words collocate, the relationship can hold between

all or several of their various forms, combined in any
grammatically acceptable order. (Baker, 1992: 47)

“achieve” and “aim”

achieving aims
aims having been achieved
achievable aims
the achievement of an aim
COLLOCATION

COLLOCATION AND TRANSLATION

Where there is an accepted collocation in the source

language, the translator must find and use its
equivalent in the target language if it exists.
COLLOCATION

verb and noun

TRANSLATION TRANSLATION
SOURCE TEXT BASED ON BASED ON
LITERAL MEANING COLLOCATION

- melakukan perjalanan - do a trip - make a trip

- membantu kelahiran - assist a baby-birth - deliver a baby

- melakukan kunjungan - do a visit - pay a visit
- menghasilkan uang - generate money - make (earn) money
- menciptakan perdamaian - create peace - make peace
- memandu orketra - guide an orchestra - conduct an orchestra
- minum obat - drink medicine - take medicine
- makan waktu - eat time - take time
- melakukan usaha - do a effort - make an effort
COLLOCATION

verb plus noun

- mengalami kecelakaan - experience an accident - have an accident

- mengejar bus - pursue a bus - catch a bus

- memberikan putusan - give a verdict - deliver a verdict
- mencurahkan perhatian - give attention - pay attention
- menyampaikan pidato - present a speech - deliver a speech
- etc - etc - etc
COLLOCATION

NOUN PLUS NOUN

• pencipta perdamaian peace-creator peace-maker

• pecahnya perang the break of war the outbreak of war

• meletusnya perang the eruption of war the outbreak of war

• dampak rumahkaca greenhouse impact greenhouse-effect

• penyakit mental mental disease mental illness

• etc etc etc

COLLOCATION

NOUN AND ADJECTIVE

tinggi

tall man high mountain

COLLOCATION

lebat

dense forest ---------- heavy/ hard rain

tebal

thick wood ---------- dense fog

cepat

quick response --- fast car --- rapid progress

COLLOCATION

rusak

broken chair damaged item

jauh

far sight long distance

kuat

strong motivation powerful engine

COLLOCATION

VERB AND ADVERB

sangat

highly recommend - strongly suggest

etc
CONNOTATION

AMBIGUITY - NEOLOGISM
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon

WHAT IS CONNOTATION

“An aura of ideas and feelings suggested by lexical words”.

(Newmark, 1988)

Connotation is what you think of when you hear a word.

It is the images, feelings, and thoughts that accompany
words.
(answer.yahoo.com)
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon

KINDS CONNOTATION

Positive Connotation

Neutral Connotation

Negative Connotation
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon

Positive Negative
connotation connotation

Synonymy

Neutral connotation
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon

Single meaning
with different
connotation

POSITIVE NEUTRAL NEGATIVE

Slim/ Slender Thin Skinny

Afro-America Black Negro

Wafat/ Gugur Meninggal Mampus

Jenazah Mayat Bangkai

Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon

CONNOTATION AND ASSOCIATION

flower beauty
rose beauty
lily beauty
rainbow beauty
moon beauty
horse strength
buffalo strength
lion bravery
tiger bravery
eagle bravery
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon

CONNOTATION AND ASSOCIATION

snake unseen danger

wolf slyness
chicken coward
worm weakness
donkey stupidity
panda cute
sofa comfort
candle enlightening
castle wealthy
fly happiness
fly speed
etc
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon

cultural connotation and association

Indonesian

tikus : corruptor

banteng : political party

beringin : political party

ayam : pseudonymous prostitute

etc
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon

Connotation and Translation

original text translation text

(source language) (target language)

Positive Positive

Neutral Neutral

Negative Negative
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon

TRANSLATING WITH EQUIVALENT CONNOTATION

ramping/ langsing : slim

kurus : thin
kurus kering : skinny

kerempeng : skinny
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon

AMBIGUITY

Anak dokter yang cantik itu.

The chicken is ready to eat.

Flying planes can be dangerous.

Hunting lions can be dangerous.

Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon

NEOLOGISM

Neologism is newly coined lexical units or existing lexical units that

acquire a new sense.
(Newmark, 1988: 140)

A neologism is a word, term, or phrase that has been recently created (or
"coined"), often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing
concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary.
Neologisms are especially useful in identifying invention, new
phenomena, or old ideas that have taken on a new cultural context.
(wikipedia.org)
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon

Neologism

e-mail
eco-friendly
supernova
global-warming
greenhouse-effect
black hole
Agrowisata
jagawana
etc
Connotation – Ambiguity – Neologism - Jargon

NEOLOGISM AND TRANSLATION

(how to translate neologism)

Loan word (transference)

e-mail email
supernova supernova
biogas biogas

naturalization
biotechnology bioteknologi
television televisi

word by word
global-warming pemanasan global
greenhouse-effect dampak rumah kaca
black hole lubang hitam