MATHEMATICS IN

THE MODERN
WORLD
March 25, 2021

CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY CABADBARAN CITY General Education Department

QUESTIONS???

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 SETS

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

 SETS
 It is a collection of well-defined objects, called ELEMENTS or MEMBERS
of the set. Elements can be written in any order.
Let B be the set of Tank Heroes in Mobile Legends
B = {Akai, Alice, Atlas, Barats, Baxia, Belerick, Esmeralda, Franco, Gatotkaca,
Grock, Hilda, Hylos, Johnson, Khufra, Lolita, Minotaur, Ruby, Tigreal, Uranus}
Sets are denoted by upper case letters in the English Alphabet
 Layla B
not an element of , or does not belong to

Let A be the set of primary colors

A = {red, blue, yellow}
 red A

element of , or belongs to
Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Often used sets
 N = { 1, 2, 3, …} is the set of natural numbers (counting numbers)
 Z = {…, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …} is the set of integers
 Z+ = {1, 2, 3, …} is the set of positive integers
 Note that people disagree on the exact definitions of whole numbers and
natural numbers
W={0,1,2,3…}
 Q = {p/q | p  Z, q  Z, q ≠ 0} is the set of rational numbers
 Any number that can be expressed as a fraction of two integers (where the
bottom one is not zero)
 R is the set of real numbers
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Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
WAYS OF DESCRIBING SETS
1. LIST/ROSTER METHOD
o List all the members of a set, when this is possible
o We use a notation where all members of the set are listed between
braces
Examples:
The set V of all vowels in the English Alphabet can be written as
V={a,e,i,o,u}.
The set O of odd counting numbers less than 10 can be expressed by
O={1,3,5,7,9}.

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

WAYS OF DESCRIBING SETS
1.  LIST/ROSTER METHOD
o We use ellipses (three dots) … to indicate that the pattern continues.
o This is used when we cannot list all the elements.

Examples:
The set A of all letters in the English alphabet can be written as A={a,b,…,y,z}
The set W of all whole numbers can be written as W={0,1,2,3,… }
The set E of all even integers can be expressed by E = {0,2,4,…}
The set of integers is written as
It is not correct to write B={1,…} or C = {green, yellow,…, violet}.

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

WAYS OF DESCRIBING SETS
2.  SET BUILDER NOTATION
o Characterize all those elements in the set by stating the property or
properties they must have to be members.
Example:
a. The set V of all vowels in the English Alphabet is written in set builder
notation as .
such that
Some uses “:” instead of “|”.
We use lowercase letters in the English alphabet in denoting the elements.
The element is describe in Singular form.

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

WAYS OF DESCRIBING SETS
2.  SET BUILDER NOTATION
b. The set M of all Marksman Heroes in Mobile Legends is written in Set
builder notation as

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

WAYS OF DESCRIBING SETS
3.  INTERVAL NOTATION
 In "Interval Notation" we just write
the beginning and ending numbers
of the interval, and use:
• [ ] a square bracket when we want to
include the end value, or.
• ( ) a round bracket when we don’t.

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

WAYS OF DESCRIBING SETS
Example:
 

Write P = positive integers that are multiple of 3 and less than 20

in roster method and set builder notation.
ROSTER METHOD

SET BUILDER NOTATION

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

CARDINALITY OF SETS
 Cardinality refers to the number of elements in a set.
 |A| or n(A) represents the cardinality of Set A.
Examples:
SET DEFINITION CARDINALITY
|A|=26
|B|=6
|C|=7
|D|=5

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

FINITE SETS
 Finite sets are sets which either has no elements or has elements
which could all be possibly listed down (countable).
 K = {x|x is natural number less than 20}
 K= {1,2,3,4,…,18,19}
 |K| = 19

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

INFINITE SETS
 Infinite sets are sets whose elements cannot be listed (unlimited).
 Set of all real numbers
 Set of integers

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

NULL SET
 If a set has zero elements, it is called the empty (or null) set
 Written using the symbol 
 Thus,  = { }  VERY IMPORTANT
 If you get confused about the empty set in a problem, try
replacing  by { }
 As the empty set is a set, it can be a element of other sets
 { , 1, 2, 3, x } is a valid set

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets 16

NULL SET
 Note that  ≠ {  }
 The first is a set of zero elements
 The second is a set of 1 element (that one element being
the empty set)

 Replace  by { }, and you get: { } ≠ { { } }

 It’s easier to see that they are not equal that way

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets 17

Universal Sets and Venn Diagrams
 The universal set is a general set that
 contains all elements under discussion.

 John Venn (1843 – 1923) created Venn

 diagrams to show the visual relationship among sets.

 Universal set is represented by a rectangle

 Subsets within the universal set are depicted by circles,

or sometimes ovals or other shapes.

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

Example: Determining Sets
From a Venn Diagram
 Use the Venn diagram to determine each of the following sets:
 a. U
 U = { , ∆ , $, M, 5}
 b. A
 A = { , ∆}
 c. The set of elements in U that are not in A.
 {$, M, 5}

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

Representing Two Sets in a Venn Diagram
 Disjoint Sets:
 Two sets that have no
elements in common.

Proper Subsets:
All elements of set
A are elements of
set B.

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

Representing Two Sets in a Venn Diagram
 Equal Sets: If A = B then A  B
and B  A.


 Sets with Some Common Elements

 If set A and set B have at least one
element in common, then the
circles representing the sets must
overlap.

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

 Example: Determining Sets from a Venn Diagram

 Use the Venn Diagram to

determine:
 a. U
 U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}

 b. B
 B = {d, e}
 c. the set of elements in A but not
B
 {a, b, c}

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

 Example: Determining Sets from a Venn Diagram (cont)

 d. the set of elements in U that are not in

B
 {a, b, c, f, g}

 e. the set of elements in both A and B.

 {d}

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

 Set Operations

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

Photo printers
 Photo printers use many ink colors for rich, vivid color

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Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Sets of Colors
Monitor gamut • Pick any 3 “primary” colors
(M) • Triangle shows mixable
color range (gamut) – the
Printer set of colors
gamut
(P)

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Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Set operations: Union
Monitor gamut • A union of the sets contains
(M) all the elements in EITHER
set
Printer
gamut
(P)
• Union symbol is
usually a U
• Example:
C=MUP

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Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Set operations: Union
AUB
U

A B

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Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Set operations: Union
 Formal definition for the union of two sets:
A U B = { x | x  A or x  B }
 Further examples
 {1, 2, 3} U {3, 4, 5} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
 {New York, Washington} U {3, 4} = {New York, Washington, 3, 4}
 {1, 2} U  = {1, 2}

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Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Example: Finding the Union of Two Sets
 Find each of the following unions:
 a. {7, 8, 9, 10, 11}  {6, 8, 10, 12}
 {6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
 b. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}  {2, 4, 6, 8}
 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
 c. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}  Ø
 {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

Set operations: Union

 Properties of the union operation

A U  = A Identity law
A U U = U Domination law
A U A = A Idempotent law
A U B = B U A Commutative law
 A U (B U C) = (A U B) U C Associative law

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Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Set operations: Intersection
Monitor gamut • An intersection of the sets
(M) contains all the elements in
BOTH sets
Printer
gamut
(P)
• Intersection symbol
is a ∩
• Example:
C=M∩P

32
Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Set operations: Intersection
A∩B
U

A B

33
Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Set operations: Intersection

 Formal definition for the intersection of two sets:

A ∩ B = { x | x  A and x  B }
 Further examples
 {1, 2, 3} ∩ {3, 4, 5} = {3}
 {New York, Washington} ∩ {3, 4} = 
 No elements in common
 {1, 2} ∩  = 
 Any set intersection with the empty set yields the empty set

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Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
 Example: Finding the Intersection of Two Sets

 Find each of the following intersections:

 a. {7, 8, 9, 10, 11} ∩ {6, 8, 10, 12}
 {8, 10}

 b. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 8}
 Ø

 c. {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} ∩ Ø
 Ø

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

Set operations: Intersection
 Properties of the intersection operation
A ∩ U = A Identity law
A ∩  =  Domination law
A ∩ A = A Idempotent law
A ∩ B = B ∩ A Commutative law
 A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C Associative law

36
Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Disjoint sets
• Two sets are disjoint if the
have NO elements in
common
• Formally, two sets are
disjoint if their intersection
is the empty set
• Another example:
the set of the even
numbers and the
set of the odd
numbers

37
Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Disjoint sets
U

A B

38
Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Disjoint sets
 Formal definition for disjoint sets: two sets are
disjoint if their intersection is the empty set
 Further examples
 {1, 2, 3} and {3, 4, 5} are not disjoint
 {New York, Washington} and {3, 4} are disjoint
 {1, 2} and  are disjoint
 Their intersection is the empty set
  and  are disjoint!
 Their intersection is the empty set

39
Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Complement sets
Monitor gamut • A complement of a set is all
(M) the elements that are NOT
in the set
Printer
gamut
(P)
• Difference symbol is
_ _the set
a bar above
name: P or M

40
Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
The Complement of a Set

 The shaded region represents the

complement of set A or A'. This region
lies outside the circle.

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

Complement sets
A’
B’
U

A B

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Example: Finding a Set’s Complement
 Let U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and
A = {1, 3, 4, 7 }. Find A'.

Solution:
Set A' contains all the
elements of set U that are
not in set A.
Because set A contains the elements 1, 3,
4, and 7, these elements cannot be
members of
set A': A' = {2, 5, 6, 8, 9}.
Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Set operations: Difference
Monitor gamut • A difference of two sets is
(M) the elements in one set
that are NOT in the other
Printer
gamut
(P)
• Difference symbol is
a minus sign
• Example:
C=M-P
• Also visa-versa:

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

C=P-M 44
Set operations: Difference
A-A
B B
U

A B

45
Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Set operations: Difference
 Formal definition for the difference of two sets:
A - B = { x | x  A and x  B }
A - B = A ∩ B’  Important!
 Further examples
 {1, 2, 3} - {3, 4, 5} = {1, 2}
 {New York, Washington} - {3, 4} = {New York,
Washington}
 {1, 2} -  = {1, 2}
 The difference of any set S with the empty set will be the set
S

46
Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Set operations: Symmetric Difference
Monitor gamut • A symmetric difference of
(M) the sets contains all the
elements in either set but
Printer NOT both
gamut
(P)

• Symetric diff.
symbol is a 
• Example:
C=MP

47
Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Set operations:
Symmetric Difference
  AB
U

48
Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Set operations: Symmetric Difference
 Formal definition for the symmetric difference
of two sets:
A  B = { x | (x  A or x  B) and x  A ∩ B}
A  B = (A U B) – (A ∩ B)  Important!
 Further examples
 {1, 2, 3}  {3, 4, 5} = {1, 2, 4, 5}
 {New York, Washington}  {3, 4} = {New York,
Washington, 3, 4}
 {1, 2}   = {1, 2}
 The symmetric difference of any set S with the empty set will
be the set S
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Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Performing Set Operations
 Some problems involve more than one set operation. The set notation specifies the
order in which we perform these operations. Always begin by performing any
operations inside parentheses.

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

Example: Performing Set Operations
 Given:
 U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
 A = { 1, 3, 7, 9 }
 B = { 3, 7, 8, 10 }
 find

 a. (A U B)'
 Solution:
 A U B = {1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10}
 (A U B)' = {2, 4, 5, 6}

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

Example: Performing Set Operations (cont)
 Given:
 U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
 A = { 1, 3, 7, 9 }
 B = { 3, 7, 8, 10 }
 find

 b. A' ∩ B'
 Solution
 A' = {2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
 B' = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9}
 A' ∩ B' = {2, 4, 5, 6}

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

Example: Determining Sets
from a Venn Diagram

Use the diagram to determine each of the following sets:

a. A U B b. (A U B)' c. A ∩ B

d. (A ∩ B)' e. A' ∩ B f. A U B'

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets
Example: Determining Sets
from a Venn Diagram (cont.)

Solution

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets

Activity 3 – Sets (Purpose in Life)

Mathematics in the Modern World Lesson 3 – Sets