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13-7 Central Force Motion P. 155
13-7 Central Force Motion P. 155
155
fig_03_022
Nicolaus
Copernicus
Copernicus’
Universe
Contrast Copernicus with the Aristotelian Cosmos
GALILEO
Galileo Galilei 1564 - 1642
Galileo's most original contributions to science were in
mechanics: he helped clarify concepts of acceleration,
velocity, and instantaneous motion.
Gravitation 1665-1687
Built in part on Kepler's concept of Sun as center of solar system,
planets move faster near Sun.
Inverse-square law.
Once law known, can use calculus to drive Kepler's Laws.
Unification of Kepler's Laws; showed their common basis.
Priority conflict with Hooke.
Isaac Newton
(1643-1727)
Energy Methods
Work and Energy
dW F dr
Scalar _ Pr oduct
3. Help is available.
Q. “Should I invest in my own
Future?”
A. Education pays
SAT Scores
Source:
economix.blogs.nytimes.com
Work/Energy Theorem
x2
dv
W F dx
x1
F ma m
dt
x2
dv
m dx
dt dv dx dv dv
x1
v chain rule
v2 dt dt dx dx
dv
m v dx
v1
dx
v2
m v dv
v1
1 1 1
m (v 22 v12 ) mv 22 mv12 KE
2 2 2
Power
E dE Units of power:
P
t dt J/sec = N-
m/sec = Watts
1 hp = 746 W
Work done by Variable
Force: (1D)
For variable force, we find the area
by integrating:
– dW = F(x) dx.
x2
F(x) dx
F(x)
W
x1
x1 x2
dx
Conservative Forces
A conservative force is one for which
the work done is independent of the
path taken
Potential
of Gravity
fig_03_008
The potential energy V is defined
as:
V - W - F * dr
Potential Energy due to Gravity
• For
any conservative force F we can
define a potential energy function U in the
following way:
r2 U2
Conservative Forces &
Potential Energies
Force Work Change in P.E P.E. function
F W(1 to 2) U = U2 - U1 V
F mg ĵ -mg(y2-y1) mg(y2-y1) mgy + C
g
GMm 1 1 1 1 GMm
Fg 2 r̂ GMm GMm C
R R2 R1 R2 R1 R
1 1
FS k x x̂
k x 22 x12
2
2
k x 22 x12 1 2
2
kx C