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Metodologi Penelitian

Sony Sulaksono Wibowo, PhD

 Introduction

Classification of Research

Starting Research

Research Proposal

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Introduction

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Tipikal Kegagalan Riset
Tesis dan Disertasi di FTSL ITB

 Malas membaca/menggali informasi

 Tidak sabar
 Ingin serba instan
 Cenderung salah fokus
 Cenderung salah prioritas

 Tidak mandiri
 Ketergantungan yg tinggi pada orang lain
 Cenderung jadi follower

 Time management yang buruk

 Tidak percaya diri

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 what is a research?

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What Research Is Not

 Research isn’t information gathering:

 Gathering information from resources such as books or
magazines isn’t a research
 It might be information discovery or something about
reference skills
 Research isn’t the transportation of facts:
 Merely transporting facts from one resource to another
 No contribution to new knowledge although this might
make existing knowledge more accessible

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The Research is

“…the systematic process of

collecting and analyzing
information (data) in order to
increase our understanding
of the phenomenon about
which we are concerned or
interested.”

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Research

 A voyage of discovery; an experience method of critical thinking; a

careful critical inquiry in seeking facts from principles

 An art of scientific investigation

 A systemized effort to gain new knowledge, a movement from known

to the unknown

 An activity caused by instinct of inquisitiveness to gain fresh insight /

find answer to questions / acquire knowledge

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Nature of Research

Characteristic of scientific research

 careful search, investigation,
 seeking answer to question (s)
 systematically adds/contributes to knowledge
 for PhDs, research makes an original (incremental) contribution

Research is a critical process of asking and attempting

to answer questions about the world.

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Research Characteristics

 Originates with a question or problem.

 Requires clear articulation of a goal.

 Follows a specific plan or procedure.

 Often divides main problem into sub-problems.

 Guided by specific problem, question, or hypothesis.

 Accepts certain critical assumptions.

 Requires collection and interpretation of data.

 Cyclical (helical) in nature.

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Research Cycle

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Research

 Research is an extremely cyclic process.

 Later stages might necessitate a review of earlier work.
 This isn’t a weakness of the process but is part of
the built-in error correction machinery.
 Because of the cyclic nature of research, it can be
difficult to determine where to start and when to
stop.

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In principle

 Prove in research can be done:

 Empirically  hypothesis is proven based on facts (gathered or measured)
 Rationally  hypothesis or postulate is proven through logical reasoning
based on given law

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 +Research and Science
A scientific conduct and must be performed in accordance to scientific
principle and method

 Relies on empirical evidence (empiricism)

 Utilizes relevant concepts
 Committed to only objective considerations
 Presupposes ethical neutrality
 Results into probabilistic predictions
 Methodology is made known to all for critical scrutiny and testing through
replication
 Aims at formulating most general axioms or scientific theories
 Encourages rigorous, impersonal mode of procedure dictated by the demands
of logic and objective procedure

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Qualities of Good Research
Researches are to be performed based on scientific methodology to ensure:

 Purpose/ objectives clearly defined in common concepts

 Procedure enumerated to keep continuity

 Carefully planned design leading to objective results

 Complete frankness; flaws reported and their effect estimated

 Adequate analysis of data with appropriate methods of analysis

 Carefully checked data for validity & reliability

 Conclusions confined to those justified by the data

 Confidence, competence/ reputation, experience, honesty & integrity of

researcher

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Qualities of Good Research
To be performed based on Scientific Approach

 SYSTEMATIC
 Reject the use of guessing & intuition, but does not rule out creative thinking

 CONTROLLED
 Variables are identified & controlled, wherever possible

 LOGICAL
 Guided by rules of logical reasoning & logical process of induction & deduction

 EMPIRICAL
 Provides a basis for external validity to results (validation)

 REPLICABLE
 Verified by replicating the study

 SELF CORRECTING
 Built in mechanism & open to public scrutiny by fellow professionals

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Classification of Research

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Classification of Research
Degree of Problem
Formulation
DESCRIPTIVE / SURVEY ANALYTICAL

FUNDAMENTAL
Research Orientation APPLIED
(BASIC OR PURE)
Research Method QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

Research Orientation CONCEPTUAL EMPIRICAL

CROSS SECTIONAL LONGITUDINAL (trend
Time Dimension
(one time) prediction)
Search Environment FIELD SETTING LABORATORY /SIMULATION
Research Orientation
/Search Environment
CLINICAL STUDIES DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES

Degree of Problem
Formulation
EXPLORATORY STUDIES FORMULATED STUDIES

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Research Types

Conceptual Empirical
 Related to some abstract idea or  Relies on experience or
theory (for thinkers & observation alone, i.e., data based
philosophers) research

 Relies on literature  Capable of being verified by

observation or experiment

 Experimenter has control over

variables

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Research Types
Applied
 Intention of applying the results of
its finding to solving the problem
 Finding a solution for an
immediate problem & not rigorous
/ flexible in application of the
conditions
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Fundamental (basic or pure)
 Understanding more on certain
phenomena and problems
(commonly) occurred, and how
they can be solved.
 Concerned with generalizations &
formulation of theory
 ‘Knowledge for knowledge’
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Research Types

Analytical
 Uses facts or information already
available and analyze to make a
critical evaluation
Descriptive
 Surveys & fact-finding enquiries
(ex-post facto)
 State of affairs as it exists

 No control over variables

 Try to discover causes (i.e., ex-

post facto)

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Research Types
Quantitative
 Measured & expressed in terms of
quantity (numerical terms)
 Research is undertaken to tests the
formulation (theory, hypothesis)
 Generate statistics through large
scale survey
 Quantitative research helps:
 Precise measurement
 Knowing trends or changes
overtime
 Comparing trends or individual
libraries / units
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Qualitative
 Explores attitude, behavior,
experiences
 Involves quality or kind
 Exploration of subject is taken
without prior formulation (theory,
hypothesis)
 Help in having insight into
problems or cases based research
 Capable of being verified by
observation or experiment
 Walliman, N. (2011), Research Methods: The Basics, Routledge, UK

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Starting Research

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 Theory
+ General Framework of
Hypothesis
Research Process
Operationalization of Concepts

Selection of Respondents or Subjects

Survey Correlation Design Experimental Design

Create Experiment & Control Groups

Conduct Interviews / Administer Questionnaires
Carry Out Observations / Administer
Test/Questionnaires

Data Collection Implementation

Data Analysis Further Research

Findings: (results, conclusions) Recommendations

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Basic Format of Research Process

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Data Analysis Spiral

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Starting Research

 Research begins with a problem.

 This problem need not be earth-shaking
 Problem formulation is a key
 Identifying the research problem can actually be the
hardest part of research
 In general, good research problem should be:
 address an important issue
 advance knowledge
 in-line with the cycle

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Starting Research

 Thefollowing kinds of projects usually don’t

make for good research:
 Self-enlightenment.
 Comparing data sets.
 Correlating data sets.
 Problems with yes / no answers.

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Starting Research

 Good research requires:

 The scope and limitations of the work to be clearly
defined.
 The process to be clearly explained so that it can be
reproduced and verified by other researchers.
 A thoroughly planned design that is as objective as
possible.

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Starting Research

 Good research requires:

 Highly ethical standards be applied.
 All limitations be documented.
 Data be adequately analyzed and explained.
 Allfindings be presented unambiguously and all
conclusions be justified by sufficient evidence.

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 +Step 1:
A Question Is Raised

 A question occurs to or is posed to the researcher

for which that researcher has no answer.
 This doesn’t mean that someone else doesn’t already
have an answer.
 The question needs to be converted to an
appropriate problem statement like that
documented in a research proposal.

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 +Step 2:
Suggest Hypotheses

 The researcher generates intermediate hypotheses

to describe a solution to the problem.
 This is at best a temporary solution since there is as yet
no evidence to support either the acceptance or rejection
of these hypotheses.

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 +Step 3:
Literature Review

 The available literature is reviewed to determine

if there is already a solution to the problem.
 Existing solutions do not always explain new
observations.
 The existing solution might require some revision or
even be discarded.

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 +Step 4:
Literature Evaluation

 It’spossible that the literature review has yielded

a solution to the proposed problem.
 This means that you haven’t really done research.
 On the other hand, if the literature review turns
up nothing, then additional research activities are
justified.

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 +Step 5:
Developing the methodology
 Based on the critical evaluation on the literature

 Incorporated with question(s) of the research

 signs how to answer the question(s)

 It’s NOT just a tools!

 It’s not about the knife but how to cut!

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 +Step 6:
Acquire Data

 The researcher now begins to gather data relating

to the research problem.
 The means of data acquisition will often change based
on the type of the research problem.
 This might entail only data gathering, but it could also
require the creation of new measurement instruments.
 Be smart in data collection!!

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 +Step 7:
Data Analysis
 Collection – Presenting – Interpretation – Analysis
 The data that were gathered in the previous step are analyzed as a
first step in ascertaining their meaning.
 As before, the analysis of the data does not constitute research.
 This is basic number crunching

 The researcher interprets the newly analyzed data and suggests a

conclusion.
 This can be difficult.
 Keep in mind that data analysis that suggests a correlation between two
variables can’t automatically be interpreted as suggesting causality between
those variables

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 +Step 8:
Hypothesis Support

 The data will either support the hypotheses or

they won’t.
 This may lead the researcher to cycle back to an earlier
step in the process and begin again with a new
hypothesis.
 This is one of the self-correcting mechanisms associated
with the scientific method.

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 +Step 9:
Built the Conclusion
 Every question demands an answer

 Conclusion is..
 The answer of the research question(s)
 Fulfill the research objective
 Summary of proven/unproven the hypotheses

 Recommendation is..
 Suggestion(s) to continue the research
 Research is a cycle!!

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Research Proposal

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Checklist for Research Proposal
 Background of the study

 Statement of the problem

 Research objective(s)

 Hypotheses of the study

 Scope and limitation of the study

 Supporting literatures

 Research methodology

 Strategies for data (collection and analysis)

 Research schedule

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Background of the study

 Establish the area of research in which your work belongs, and to

provide a context for the research problem

 Provides information to the research topic

 In an introduction, it should create:

 interest in the topic attracting the reviews/readers
 lay the broad foundation for the problem that leads to the study

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Statement of the problem

a question that wishing to seek answer for.

 The question leads to a problem that needs to be solved by the
research.

 Begin the research with A DESCRIPTION OF THE PROBLEM or

THESIS STATEMENT

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Research Objectives

 Only ONE research objective and write down in ONE sentence…

 The objective can be break down into several sub objective

 Each sub objective should be a single and independent research

activity

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Hypotheses of the study

 General answers of the research problem(s)

 Leading the data analysis

 Proven in the conclusion  not just yes/no answer

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Scope and limitation of the study

 A too wide area of investigation is impractical and will lead to

problems.
 SPECIFY THE BOUNDARIES of your research.

 It is not possible to include ALL aspects of a particular problem.

 STATE WHAT IS NOT INCLUDED!
 Somehow appeared in research remark….

 Definition of terms
 Terms or concepts should be defined and explained unless they are familiar
or obvious

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Scope and limitation of the study

 Scope of the study is related to the study area, e.g.:

 Specific administration area
 Catchment area
 Up to 5 level building
 Limited soil cement application
 Soft soil only not peat, and so on

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Supporting literatures

 Shows that you are aware of the literature study that is required in
your research area  research cycle!!

 Literature review is NOT

 For showing your knowledge or amount of reading materials
 Just collection of paper or theories

 Literature review MUST

 Show the methodology background that related to research methodology
 Figure out your research position
 REMEMBER…. The research position is not a list of use/not use of
research method or research tools

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Supporting literatures

 By reviewing related literature at this stage, it will make you:

 aware of other similar work which has been done;
 expose methodologies that have been adopted and which you may use or
adapt;
 provide sources of information that you do not have yet.

 By reviewing related literature at this stage, it will inform you:

 if a chosen area has already been researched extensively;
 approaches that you do not know before

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Research methodology

 Describe data that you will use in the research, the methodology to be
adopted and justify your choice of methodology

 Research tools is NOT research methodology

 Inform readers
 kinds of data going to be collected
 research procedure (interviews? observations? questionnaires?)

List of research activities ≠ Research methodology

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Strategies for data

 List of data needed

 The list of data SHOULD be specific and manageable
 Specify clearly the characteristic of data

 Explain how you are going to get hold of the data.

 Indicate why the methodology is used.
 If existing methodology is not to be used, explain why you need to use an
adapted methodology.

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Research schedule

 Needed to control research activities

 One should not focus only one or two specific work items

 A research may consist of

 Reading assignment
 Construct a research proposal
 Data collection (field survey, laboratory activities, simulation, interview,
etc.)
 Data analysis (numerical analysis, model development, forecast and
evaluation, etc.)
 Reporting (thesis/dissertation writing, including scientific paper)
 Research publication

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End of this part

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Lecture Notes
 Tipikal Laporan Penelitian
 Topik/Judul  Metodologi / Disain Ekperimen

 Latar  Rencana Pengumpulan Data

Belakang
 Jadwal Riset
 Perumusan Masalah
 Rangkuman Data dan
 Tujuan Penelitian Kompilasi Data
 Batasan Penelitian  Analisis
Data dan Interpretasi
 Lingkup Hasil Analisis
Kajian
 Diskusi
 Hipotesis
 Kesimpulan
 Sistematika Laporan
 Saran
 Kajian Pustaka
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 Outline Proposal Penelitian
 Judul  Kajian Pustaka
 Latar Belakang  Metodologi / Disain
Ekperimen
 Perumusan Masalah
 Rencana Pengumpulan
 Tujuan Penelitian Data
 Batasan Penelitian  Jadwal Riset
 Lingkup Kajian
 Hipotesis

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Practical Research Work

 Duplication/ Repetition

 Causal Analysis / Investigation

 Modeling / Simulation

 Benchmarking

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