Lecture 6 - Flexure

September 13, 2002

CVEN 444
 Lecture Goals
• Basic Concepts
• Rectangular Beams
• Non-uniform beams
• Balanced Beams
 Flexural Stress
Example
Consider a simple rectangular beam( b x h ) reinforced
with steel reinforcement of As.
(1) Determine the centroid ( neutral axis, NA ) and moment
of inertia Izz of the beam for an ideal beam (no cracks).
(2) Determine the NA and moment of inertia, Izz, of beam if
the beam is cracked and tensile forces are in the steel
only.
Example
Ec – Modulus of Elasticity - concrete
Es – Modulus of Elasticity - steel
As – Area of steel
d – distance to steel
b – width Es
n
h – height Ec
 Example

y
 yA i Centroid
i (NA)
A i

I   I    y  y  A Moment of Inertia
2
i i i
 Example (uncracked)
Area yi y iA I yi - y (y i -y)2 A
Concrete bh h/2 bh2/2 bh3/12 (h/2-y) (h/2-y)bd
Steel (n-1)A s d d(n-1)A s --- (d-y) (d-y)2(n-1)A s

bh 2
  n  1 As d
y
 i i 2
y A
 Ai bh   n  1 As
2
bh3  h 
I   I i    yi  y     y  bh   d  y   n  1 As
2 2
Ai 
12  2 
Example - (cracked)

For a cracked section the

concrete is in compression
and steel is in tension.
The strain in the beam is
linear.
1
C  yb f c
2
T  As f s
Example - (cracked)

Using Equilibrium

T C
1
As fs  yb f c
2
 yb 
fs    fc
 2 As 
 Example - (cracked)
Using Hooke’s law f  E
 yb   c  Es   2 As  2nAs
Es s    Ec c     
 2 As   s  Ec   yb  yb

However, this is an indeterminate problem to

find y . We will need to use a compatibility
condition.
 Example - (cracked)
Using a compatibility
condition.

s c c y
  
d y y s d  y

Substitute into the first equation.

 Example - (cracked)
Substitute in for the strain relationship.
y 2nAs

dy yb
Rearrange the equation into a quadratic equation.

 2nAs   2nAs 
y 
2
 y  d  0
 b   b 
 Example - (cracked)
Use a ratio of areas of concrete and steel.

As
 y  2n  d y  2n  d  0
2 2

bd
Modify the equation to create a non-dimensional ratio.

2
y y
   2n     2n   0
d d
 Example - (cracked)
Use the quadratic formula

 y  2n    2n    8n 
2

 
d 2
y
    n    2n   n 
2

d

Solve for the centroid by multiplying the result by d.

 Example - (cracked)
The moment of inertia using the parallel axis

I   I i    yi  y  Ai
2

3 2
by  y 
   by   d  y  nAs
2

12  2 
3
by
  d  y  nAs
2

3
 Example
For the following example find centroid and moment
of inertia for an uncracked and cracked section and
compare the results.
Es = 29000 ksi
Ec = 3625 ksi
d = 15.5 in b = 12 in. h = 18 in.
Use 4 # 7 bars for the steel.
Example
E s 29000 ksi
n  8
Ec 3625 ksi

A #7 bar has an As = 0.6 in2

As  4  0.6 in 2
  2.4 in 2
 Example
The uncracked centroid is
bh 2
  n  1 As d
y 2
bh   n  1 As
 12 in   18 in 
2

  8  1  2.4 in 2   15.5 in 
 2
 12 in   18 in    8  1  2.4 in 2 
2204.4 in 3
 2
 9.47 in
232.8 in
 Example
The uncracked moment of inertia
3 2
bh  h 
   y  bh   d  y   n  1 As
2
I
12  2 
 12 in   18 in   18 in
3 2

   9.47 in   12 in   18 in 
12  2 
  15.5 in  9.47 in   8  1  2.4 in 2 
2

 6491 in 4
 Example
The cracked centroid is defined by:
As 2.4 in 2
   0.0129
bd  12 in   15.5 in 

y
 n 
2
   2n   n 
d

  8  0.0129    2  8   0.0129    8   0.0129 

2

 0.3627
y  0.3627  15.5 in   5.62 in
 Example
The cracked moment of inertia is
3
by
  d  y  nAs
2
I
3
1
  12 in   5.62 in 
3

3
  15.5 in  5.62 in   8   2.4 in 
2 2

 2584.2 in 4
 Example

Notice that the centroid changes from 9.47 in. to

5.62 in. and the moment of inertia decreases from
6491 in4 to 2584 in4 . The cracked section loses
more than half of its’ strength.
 Flexural Stress
Basic Assumptions in Flexure Theory
• Plane sections remain plane ( not true for
deep beams h > 4b)
• The strain in the reinforcement is equal to
the strain in the concrete at the same level,
i.e. s = c at same level.
• Stress in concrete & reinforcement may be
calculated from the strains using curves
for concrete & steel.
 Flexural Stress
Additional Assumptions for design (for simplification)
• Tensile strength of concrete is neglected for
calculation of flexural strength.
• Concrete is assumed to fail in compression, when
c (concrete strain) = cu (limit state) = 0.003
• Compressive relationship for concrete may
be assumed to be any shape that results in an
acceptable prediction of strength.
 Flexural Stress
The concrete may exceed the c at the outside edge
of the compressive zone.
 Flexural Stress
The compressive force is modeled as Cc = k1k3f’c b*c
at the location x = k2*c
 Flexural Stress
The compressive coefficients
of the stress block at given
for the following shapes.
k3 is ratio of maximum stress
at fc in the compressive zone
of a beam to the cylinder
strength, fc’ (0.85 is a typical
value for common concrete)
 Flexural Stress
The compressive zone is modeled with a equivalent
stress block.
 Flexural Stress
The equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution
has what is known as a  coefficient is proportion of
average stress distribution covers.
1  0.85 for f c  4000 psi

 f c  4000 
1  0.85  0.05 *    0.65
 1000 
 Flexural Stress
Requirements for analysis of reinforced concrete beams

[1] Stress-Strain Compatibility – Stress at a point in

member must correspond to strain at a point.

[2] Equilibrium – Internal

forces balances with
external forces
 Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.

(1) Setup equilibrium.

F x 0  TC
As f s  0.85 f c ab
 a
 M  0  T d  2   M n
 Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.
T  As f s
C  0.85 f c ab
As f y
a
0.85 f cb
 Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.

M n  T  moment arm 
 a
 As f y  d  
 2
 Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.

(3) Need to confirm s > y

y
y 
Es
a
c
1

s 
 d  c
c   y
c
 Flexural Stress Example
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
Given a rectangular beam
fc = 4000 psi
fy = 60 ksi (4 #7 bars)
b = 12 in. d = 15.5 in. h= 18 in.
Find the neutral axis.
Find the moment capacity of the beam.
 Example

Determine the area of steel, #7 bar has 0.6 in2.

As  4  0.6 in 2   2.4 in 2

The  value is 1 = 0.85 because the concrete

has a fc =4000 psi.
 Example
From equilibrium
C T
0.85 f cba  f y As
f y As  60 ksi  2.4 in 2

a   3.53 in.
0.85 f cb 0.85  4 ksi   12 in 
The neutral axis is
a 3.53 in.
c   4.152 in.
1 0.85
 Example
Check to see whether or not the steel has yielded.
fy 60 ksi
y    0.00207
E s 29000 ksi
Check the strain in the steel
 d c
s     0.003 Steel yielded!
 c 
 15.5 in.  4.152 in. 
   0.003  0.0082  0.000207
 4.152 in. 
 Example
Compute moment capacity of the beam.

 a
M n  As f y  d  
 2
 3.53 in. 
  2.4 in   60 ksi  15.5 in. 
2

 2 
 1979 k-in.  164.8 k-ft.