QONCRQFOMRZ

ZTLMRN
 ZTLMR ] COGB _
CB)
 Qoncus fomup prlmun
( prlmuat cogb ayacb  ‑
ZCA)
✖ `m`c`f pbri`c`e`e pbeiu`c`e m`ro su`tu
prlmun m`c`h h`s` fomupey`. Qoncus
fomup
prlmun hbrup`n`e su`tu nlesbp pbetoek
y`ek hbhdbron`e pbh`f`h`e tbet`ek
moe`hon` nlhpbtotog su`tu prlmun.
✖ Qoncus Fomup Zrlmun (Zrlmuat Cogb Ayacb)
oeoy`otu su`tu kr`gon y`ek hbekk`hd`rn`e
4
row`y`t prlmun sbi`n mopbrnbe`cn`e nb
✖ Qoncus Fomup Zrlmun (Zrlmuat Cogb Ayacb)  oeo
hbrup`n`e nlesbp y`ek pbetoek m`c`h pbh`s`r`e
n`rbe` hbhdbron`e pbh`f`h`e y`ek hbem`c`h
hbekbe`o moe`hon` dbrs`oek su`tu prlmun. Nlesbp
oeomoplpucbrn`e lcbf cbvott (0?;6) y`ek nbhumo`e
pbekkue``eey` monbhd`ekn`e m`e mopbrcu`s lcbf
p`r` `fco c`oeey`

1
 Qu`tu prlmun mon`t`n`e hbhocono
soncus fomup, mom`s`ro lcbf nbey`t``e
d`fw`9
✖ Zrlmun hbhocono uhur y`ek tbrd`t`s
✖ Zbeiu`c`e prlmun hbc`cuo dbrd`k`o t`f`p y`ek

dt̀ bertd`bemk``,eh, p`bsoceuk`-ehk,`ms`oek

h h`bs`hc`dfb ryo`ne`ke dbrdbm` d`ko

pbeiu`c
✖ C`d` e`on m`e turue p`m` dbrd`k`o t`f`p
soncus fomup prlmun
✖ Zrlmun hbhbrcun`e str`tbko pbh`s`r`e,
=
nbu`ek`e, h`eug`ntur, pbhdbco`e, m`e
 Qoncus fomup tbrmoro m`ro 2
t`f`p 9
✖ ] ` f ` p pbebhu`e m`e
pbekbhd`ek`e prlmunso ( prb-
c`ueaf) 
✖ ] ` f ` p pbrnbe`c`e (oetrlmuatole) 
✖ ] ` f ` p pbrtuhduf`e ( krlwtf) 
✖] ` f ` p nbmbw`s``e (h`turoty) 
✖ ] ` f ` p pbeurue`e (mbacoeb) 

2
 Mo`kr`h soncus fomup
prlmun

7
 @. ] ` f ` p pbebhu`e
m`e pbekbhd`ek`e
prlmun
M`c`h hbcueaurn`e sbdu`f prlmun d`ru,
pbrus`f``e f`rus hbek`hdoc = nbputus`e,
y`otu
9
✖ Doc`n`f (tohoek) 
✖ Moh`e` ( str`tbko kblkr`gos)
✖ Nbp`m` so`p` ( prlspbn p`s`r s`s`r`e)
✖ Mbek`e a`r` d`k`oh`e` (str`tbko
pbh`s`r`e pbem`fucu`e)
;
 Aletlf (t`fue 06?:-
`e)
✖ Ala`-Alc` pbrt`h` n`co mopbrnbe`cn`e p`m` t`ekk`c 6 Hbo 0667 lcbf I l f e
Qtytf Zbhdbrtle, sblr`ek `fco g`rh`so m`ro @tc`et`, Kblrko`, @hbron` Qbron`t.
Mo`c`f y`ek pbrt`h` n`co hbea`hpur sorup n`r`hbc y`ek nbhumo`e monbe`c
sbd`k`o Ala`-Alc`. Gr`en H. Tldoesle, s`f`d`t sbn`cokus `nuet`e I lf e,
hbey`r`en`e e`h` Ala`-Alc` n`rbe`dbrpbem`p`t d`fw` mu`furug A `n`e
t`hp`n hbeleilc uetun pbronc`e`e. Nbhumo`e, o` hbeaopt`n`e e`h`mbek`e
furug-furug horoek hbek`cor, Qpbeabr, m`e c`forc`f clkl p`coek tbrnbe`c mo
mueo`.
✖ Af`emcbr po`w`o m`c`h hbeaopt`n`e pbrf`to`e nlesuhbe mbek`e a`r` hbhdu`t
dbrd`k`o h` a ` h dbem`-dbem` aoembr`h`t` dbrclkl Ala`-Alc`. Dbem`-dbem`
tbrsbdut nbhumo`e mod`ko-d`ko mo cln`so-cln`so pbeiu`c`e pbetoek y`ek
dbrnbsoe`hduek`e. K`y` pbronc`e`e y`ek oelv`tog, sbpbrto mbs`oe w`re`-w`reo
uetun dus, c`hpu k`etuek fo`s m`ro n`a`, sbrt` sbr`ekn`o`e aoembr`h`t` sbpbrto
nop`s, t`ekk`c`e m`e i ` h mop`n`o uetun hbh`sy`r`n`tn`e e`h` Ala`-Alc`
m`e hbemlrlek pbeiu`c`e.
 D. ] ` f ` p
pbrnbe`c`e
oetrlmuatole )
✖ ] ` f ` p pbrnbe`c`e `m`c`f sbdu`f t`f`p
`w`c pbrus`f``e m`c`h hbhpbrnbe`cn`e
prlmuney` nbp`m` nlesuhbe. Z`m` t`f`p
oeo, d`r`ek huc`o mop`s`rn`e m`c`h iuhc`f
y`ek dbs`r w`c`upue vlcuhb pbeiu`c`eey`
dbcuh toekko. D`r`ek y`ek mo iu`c
uhuhey` d`r`ek d`ru (dbtuc-dbtuc d`ru),
n`rbe` h`sof dbr`m` p`m` t`f`p
?
pbrhuc``e
 Aoro-aoro u h u h t ` f ` p
pbrnbe`c`e
✖ pbeiu`c`e y`ek h`sof rbem`f
✖ vlcuhb p`s`r dbrnbhd`ek c`hd`t (n`rbe` toekkoey`
h`rnbt
rbsost`eab)
✖ toekn`t nbk`k`c`e rbc`tog toekko
✖ d`ey`n hbc`nun`e hlmogon`so prlmun m`c`h pbekuio`e m`e
pbekbhd`ek`eey`
y`ek mor`h`cn`e m`e (n`rbe` prldcbh
hueknoe y`ek tohduc tom`n
puc` mosbd`dn`e
y`ek nbcoru tbet`ek p`s`r)
sbpbrto
pbh`f`h`e
✖ do`y` prlmunso, prlhlso m`e pbh`s`r`e s`ek`t
toekko
✖ mostroduso y`ek h`sof tbrd`t`s
0:
 Mbek`e hbhpbrtohd`ekn`e f ` r k ` m`e prlhlso,
h`e`ibhbe m`p`t hbekonuto s`c`f s`tu m`ro
b h p ` t str`tbko dbronut oeo9
•
Qtr`tbko pbcueaur`e abp`t (r`pom-snohhoek str`tbky )
•
Qtr`tbko pbcueaur`e c`hd`t (sclw-snohhoek
str`tbky )
•
•
Qtr`tbko pbebtr`so abp`t (r`pom-pbebtr`tole
str`tbky )
Qtr`tbko pbebtr`so c`hd`t (sclw-pbebtr`tole
str`tbky )
 Aletlf
Ala`-Alc` `m`c`f hoeuh`e roek`e dbrn`rdle`so y`ek moiu`c mo tlnl,
rbstlr`e, m`e hbsoe pbeiu`c mo cbdof m`ro 4 : : ebk`r`. Hoeuh`e oeo
moprlmunso lcbf ] f b Ala`-Alc` Alhp`ey `s`c @tc`et`, Kblrko`, m`e sbroek
mosbdut Alnb s`i`(hbrbn

m0?`=k=`)e. @k wbt `rcme`yg``tmrod]uf`bt Asbal d`-kA`lo lc̀d `Atlph`ptb`e ys

`m`o t@mhob t rhonu`n Q`berpon`mt`sb`in`fnor4`;d H`mrnbt-0? lcbf I l f e

Zbhdbrtle, Ala`-Alc` `nforey` modbcolcbf pbdoseos @s` Krokks A`emcbr y`ek
t`nton pbh`s`r`eey` dbrf`soc hbhdu`t Alnb hbemlhoe`so p`s`r hoeuh`e
roek`e mueo` sbp`ei`ek `d`m nb-4:.Zbrus`f``e oeohbhprlmunso nlesbetr`t
y`ek nbhumo`e moiu`c nb p`dron Ala`-Alc` dbrcosbeso mo sbcuruf mueo`.
Z`dron dltlc y`ek hbhbk`ek nletr`n bnsnucsog mbek`e pbrus`f``e oeo
hbhprlmunso prlmun `nfor m`c`h dbetun n`cbek m`e dltlc m`ro nlesbetr`t
 A. ] ` f ` p pbrtuh duf ` e
k rl wt f )
Qbc`h` t`f`p`e oeo, prlmun huc`o
hbhpbrcof`tn`e c`d`, pbs`oek iuk` huc`o
hbekonuto, hbekbcu`rn`e prlmun vbrso
hbrbn`.
] ` f ` p oeosbemoro m`p`t modbm`n`e hbei`mo
nbclhpln,
mu` y`otu
✖ Zbrtuhduf`e abp`t (T`pom
9
krlwtf) 
✖ Zbrtuhduf`e c`hd`t (Qclw
0
@m`pue str`tbko y`ek f`rus moc`nun`e m`c`h t `f `p`e oeo,
y`otu9

✖ Hbeoekn`tn`e nu`cot`s prlmun sbrt` hbe`hd`fn`e nbostohbw``e prlmun

d`ru m`e k`y` y`ek cbdof d`on.
✖ Zbrus`f``e hbe`hd`fn`e hlmbc ‑ hlmbc d`ru m`e prlmun ‑ prlmun
pbeybrt` (y`otu, prlmun mbek`e dbrd`k`o unur`e, r`s`, m`e sbd`k`oey` y`ek
hbcoemueko
prlmun ut`h`)
✖ Zbrus`f``e hbh`suno sbkhbe p`s`r d`ru.
✖ Zbrus`f``e hbeoekn`tn`e a`nup`e mostrodusoey` m`e hbh`suno
✖ s`cur`e mostroduso y`ek d`ru.
Zbrus`f``e dbr`cof m`ro onc`e y`ek hbhdu`t lr`ek hbey`m`ro prlmun
(prlmuat
`w`rbebss `mvbrtosoek) nb onc`e y`ek hbhdu`t lr`ek hbhocof prlmun
(prlmuat
 prbgbrbeab `mvbrtosoek) 
 Aletlf (06?4-`e-
sbn`r`ek)
✖ Z`m` t`fue 06?4, Zbhdbrtle hbeiu`c f`n aopt` Ala`-Alc` nb @s` K. A`emcbr
y`ek nbhumo`e hbemoron`e pbrus`f``e Ala`-Alc` p`m` 06?4.
✖ Rp`y` hbekonc`en`e hbrbn Ala`-Alc` oeop`m` huc`ey` tom`n hbemlrlek

pmbekkeu` en```te`-nn``tt`` Adlbnrbon, udt`9 f–Hǹoeet̀ ncl`efsAulhab`e-Amlòc`e

sui brsnu``eo eu`ehut `nehy`bshbda`brco`Acbleàk-nA`lpc>` e`h` sbdut`e f`ey``n`e

hbemlrlek pbekk`eto`e prlmun mbek`e n`t` c`oe‘.
✖ ]bt`po nlesuhbe tbt`p s`i` hbekfbem`no Alnb, m`e `nforey` p`m` t`fue
✖ 0?=0, pbrus`f``e hbekonuto sbcbr` plpuc`r p`s`r. ]`fue otu iuk`, e` h`
m`k`ek Alnb hbhpbrlcbf pbek`nu`e pbronc`e`e y`ek s`h` mbek`e Ala`-
Alc`
]`fue 0?=2, Alnb rbsho hbei`mo hbrbn m`k`ek tbrm`gt`r. ]om`n f`ey` hoeuh`eey`,
dltlc Ala` Alc` y`ek dbetuney`nf`s iuk` tbrm`gt`r p`tbeey` p`m` t`fue 0?7:.
0
 ✖ Ala` Alc` pbrt`h`n`co moiu`c m`c`hdbetun n`cbek`e p`m`t`fue 0?22. Qbtbc`f otu Ala`
Alc` tbrus hbhdu`t pbekbhd`ek`e hbrbnm`e iuk`hbekk`etosclk`e-sclk`eey`y`ek
moeoc`o h`hpu uetun hbeybsu`on`e mbek`e trbem pbrnbhd`ek`e p`s`r.
✖ Z`m`t`fue 4 : : : , Ala` Alc` Alhp`ey hbrup`n`e p`dron Hoeuh`e Toek`e
Dbrn`rdle`t
tbrdbs`r mo mueo`. Hbsnopue prlmun oeo tbc`fhbhocono sbi`r`fy`ek p`ei`ek, `nfor-
hbrbn`tbribd`n m`c`hnbsucot`e goe`eso`cn`rbe`nbs`c`f`e str`tbko m`c`h pbebetu`e
`nfor oeo
bcbhbe f`rk`.

H`s` Qbn`r`ek,
✖ Ala`-Alc` Alhp`ey `m`c`fprlmusbe tbrnbhun`mo mueo`, pbh`s`r, m`e mostrodutlr ele-
`cnlflc hoeuh`e nlesbetr`t m`esorup.
✖ Zbrus`f``e m`e `e`n pbrus`f``ehbhpbnbri`n`ef`hpor 10.::: lr`ek mo sbcurufmueo`.
Qorup, nlesbetr`t m`e hoeuh`e uetund`sos Ala`-Alc`, hbrbn uekkuc`e Zbrus`f``e, m`e
cbdof
m`ro 41: c`oeey` Zbrus`f``e hoeuh`e roek`e hbrbny`ek moprlmunsom`e moiu`c lcbf Ala`-
Alhp`ey m`e `e`n pbrus`f``e mo f`hpor 4 : : ebk`r` mo sbcuruf
0 Alc`
mueo`.
 M. ] ` f ` p nbmbw`s``e h `tu ro ty )

] ` f ` p nbmbw`s``e hbrup`n`e toton puea`n

nbi`y``e pbrus`f``e y`ek motueiun`e mbek`e
pbeoekn`t`e
vlcuhb pbeiu`c`e y`ek s`ek`t toekko. Z`m`
t`f`p oeo prlmun pbrus`f``e sum`f monbe`c mbek`e d`on
lcbf nlesuhbe,
sbfoekk` us`f` prlhlso ` h ` t sbmonot
pbr`e`eey` m`c`h hbeoekn`tn`e `t`u hbe`hd`f
vlcuhb pbeiu`c`e.
]bt`po, pbeiu`c`e m`c`h t`f`p oeo s`ek`t
sbesotog tbrf`m`p pbrud`f`e pbrbnlelho`e. Z`s`r
0;
Rhuhey` t ` f ` p oeo tbrmoro m`ro
tok` toekn`t`e, y`otu9
✖ Nbmbw`s``e pbrtuhduf`e
(Krlwtf h`turoty) 
✖ Nbmbw`s``e st`doc (st`dcb
h`tur oty) 
✖
Nhb`mtbuwotr`ys)` `e hbekus`ek
(mba`yoek

M`c`h t ` f ` p nbmbw`s``e tbrm`p`t dbdbr`p`
str`tbko pbh`s`r`e, y`otu9
✖ Zbrus`f``e hbeoekk`cn`e prlmun
hbrbn` y`ek nur`ek nu`t m`e cbdof
dbrnlesbetr`so suhdbr m`y` p`m`
prlmun y`ek cbdof hbekuetuekn`e m`e
p`m` d`ru.
prlmun
✖ nbh`hpu`e prlmun, hos`cey` m`y` t`f`e, nbabpbt`e, m`e
Hbhlmogon`so p`s`r moh`e` pbrus`f``e
dbrus`f` uetun hbhpbrcu`s p`s`r
uetun hbrbn y`ek h`p`e.
✖ Zbrus`f``e hbeald` hbe`ron
nlesuhbe y`ek hbrup`n`e pbh`n`o
prlmuney`.
✖ Hbekkue`n`e str`tbko pbeoekn`t`e
nbostohbw``e (gb`turb ohprlvbhbet)
y`otu dbrtuiu`e hbe`hd`f nbostohbw``e
d`ru y`ek hbhpbrcu`s nb`ebn`kue``e,
0 nb`h`e`e `t`u nbey`h`e prlmun.
0
6
✖ Qtr`tbko mbgbesog moh`e` pbrus`f``e uetun
hbhpbrt`f`en`e p`s`r y`ek h`e` f`soc m`ro str`tbko oeo
`n`e hbhlmogon`so d`ur`e pbh`s`r`e.
✖ Qtr`tbko pbeoekn`tn`e hutu y`ek dbrtuiu`e hbeoekn`tn`e
noebri` prlmun.
✖ Qtr`tbko pbrd`on`e hlmbc y`ek dbrtuiu`e uetun hbe`hd`f
m`y` t`ron bstbton` prlmun sbpbrto hlmbc, w`re`, nbh`s`e
m`e c`oe ‑ c`oe.
✖ Hbekkue`n`e t`nb-lgg str`tbky y`ek h`e` h`rup`n`e
s`c`f s`tu str`tbko y`ek mokue`n`e uetun hbea`p`o g`sb
pbebroh``e nlesuhbe d`ru, str`tbko oeom`p`t
hbhpbrd`f`ruo pbrtuhduf`e p`m` s``t prlmun h`sun
m`c`h nbh`t`ek`e.
Aletl f prlmun bcbntrleon y`ek `m` p`m` t`f`p oeo
`m`c`f f`empfleb. Zbeiu`c`e f`empfleb s``t oeo
hbea`p`o plsoso
 tbrtoekko m`e huc`o tbrkbrus lcbf tbnelclko y`ek
c`oe.

Aletlf
Z`m` t`f`p Mbw`s` oeopbeiu`c`e ala`-alc` abembruek tom`n `m`
pbeoekn`t`e (st`doc). Mo n`rbe`n`e9
`) @m`ey` pbs`oek-pbs`oek d`ru Retun s``t oeo d`ey`n sbn`co dbrhueauc`e prlmun-
prlmun

dal`cr`udyb`re`kco fm
op nrblcmùnn
r p`beslo`cebkf. pQb`sc`foe ks`.tFu`ecy t`br`smb`dcu f̀t

hf`brhk`daul`at`n-laelsc`uhy`bek/ t bprbkcl`celkek` aulnau`ptoekko/

- h`f`c mo d`emoek
mbek`e prlmun pbs`oek, sbd`k`o aletlf o`c`f prlmun DOK ALC@. Retun s``t oeo
f`rk` s`tu du`f nbh`s`e dok alc` Tp.1:::,- sbhbet`r` f`rk` ala`-alc` Tp.=.?2:.
d) Nbibeuf`e nlesuhbe
F`c c`oe y`ek hbhpbek`rufo tom`n hbeoekn`tey` pbeiu`c`e o`c`f nbibeuf`e
nlesuhbe. Q`c`f s`tu f`c y`ek hbhdunton`e `m`ey` nbibeuf`e nlesuhbe `n`e
ala`-alc``m`c`f Nbibeuf`e hoeuh`e n`rdleos`so,D`ey`n `fco kozo hbek`t`n`e
a) Qtr`tbko pbh`s`r`e nur`ek
bgbntog
Qtr`tbko pbh`s`r`e Ala` Alc` moeoc`o nuel, mbek`e oelv`so m`e
bnsp`eso y`ek c`hd`t m`c`h hbek`t`so pbs`oek m`e hbhbeufo
nboekoe`e p`s`r. Ala`-Alc` s``t oeo hbhdutufn`e pbeybk`r`e
d`ru
sbfuduek`e mbek`e dbdbr`p` h`s`c`f y`ek mof`m`poey`.
D`ey`n y`ek f`rus modbe`fo m`c`h str`tbko pbrbea`e``e m`e
pbh`s`r`e Ala` Alc` `k`r dos` dbrs`oek mbek`e pbrus`f``e
sbibeos
B. ] ` f ` p pbeurue`e
mbacoeb)
Zbeiu`c`e pbrus`f``e y`ek sbh`noe dbrkbr`n nb
`r`f pbeurue`e hbrup`n`e kbi`c` t`f`p mbacoeb
m`c`h ZCA.
Zbeurue`e pbeiu`c`e oeomosbd`dn`e lcbf g`ntlr-g`ntlr
sbpbrto pbrud`f`e sbcbr` p`s`r, prlmun sudstotuso
motbroh`
nlesuhbe (d`on m`e m`c`h ebkbro h`upue m`e cu`r ebkbro),
m`e pbrud`f`e tbnelclko. Qbiuhc`f `ctbre`tog m`p`t
moc`nun`e
p`m` t`f`p `nfor ZCA oeo. E`hue pbrcu mopbrf`ton`e
d`fw` pocof`e `ctbre`tog f`rusc`f mom`s`rn`e p`m`
mst`rct̀hbk to`,fỳopt up9beurue`e iuk` tbrm`p`t
✖ Hbhpbrd`ruo d`r`ek (m`c`h `rto gueksoey`).
dbdbr`p`
✖ Hbeoei`u nbhd`co m`e hbhpbrd`ono prlkr`h pbh`s`r`e
sbrt` prlkr`h prlmunsoey` `k`r cbdof bgosobe.
✖ Hbekfoc`ekn`e unur`e, w`re`, m`e hlmbc y`ek nur`ek d`on.
✖ Hbekfoc`ekn`e sbd`ko`e ibeos d`r`ek uetun hbea`p`o c`d`
lptohuh
p`m` d`r`ek y`ek sum`f `m`.
✖ Hbeoekk`cn`e s`h` sbn`co d`r`ek tbrsbdut. Aletlfey`,
prlmun bcbntrleon y`ek sbm`ek hbek`c`ho pbeurue`e
`m`c`f AZR `t`u pbrsle`c nlhputbr y`ek s``t oeo
mok`eton`e lcbf c`ptlp.
 41

Al etl f (n` m` ek- n` m` ek mo h ` s`

mbp` e)
Z`m` t`fue 4::1 Zus`t Q`oes m`e Coeknuek`e (AQB),
sbdu`f lrk`eos`so ele-pbhbroet`f mo Ebw Mbcfo, hbek`t`n`e `or
slm` y`ek moprlmunso lcbf prlmusbe hoeuh`e roek`e mo Oemo`,
tbrh`sun r`ns`s`
huctoe`sole`c ZbpsoAl m`e Ala`-Alc`, hbek`emuek r`aue
tbrh`sun
coem`e, MM], y`ek m`p`t dbrnletroduso tbrf`m`p n`enbr
m`e k`ekku`e
mopbrdlcbfn`e
sostbhsbsu`o mbek`e
nbnbd`c`e pbr`tur`e Reo Brlp`> hoeuh`e roek`e
Alc` motbhun`e hbhocono 1 :tuduf. AQB hbebhun`e
n`co iuhc`f d`fw`
y`ek moozoen`e. AQBOemo`
Ala`-
hbekf`socn`e prlmun hoeuh`e roek`e
hbek`t`n`e tbc`f hbekuio prlmun y`ekZbpso
s`h` tbc`f
moiu`c17
mon`co toekn`t
@hbron`
rbsomu
Qbron`t pbstosom`
m`e tom`n hbebhun`e rbsomu sbpbrto Qbtbc`f tumuf`e
pbstosom` moc`nun`e p`m`
t02` fpubesr 4b:e:. 1., Ala`-Alc` pbeiu`c`e mo Oemo` hbek`c`ho
 Z`m` t`fue 4::= sbdu`f nlhotb p`rcbhbe Oemo`
momunuek tbhu`e AQB m`e sbdu`f nlhotb y`ek motueiun
pbhbroet`f dbrtuk`s
mhboeeku`he`he broeekkb`he.d ]`febk Aǹlea`s-tAèc
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trbpc`bftrhh̀be`im`wom`udedò`pfwbs`ot pso`md`ruonegtouctnbr `or uetun
hbekfoc`ekn`e nlet`hoe`e pltbeso`c m`e y`ek prlmuney` mouo i uetun
pbstosom` m`e f`rus hbhbeufo st`em`r nbsbf`t`e hoeohuh y`ek

spbbdebui cu`hec̀Aml`ae -̀pArllcm`u mnosmoosAtlroad`u-saonl`ce,`.

Mbdo esr b`kh`r``mdb`ekko`e`e Ohemeoòu hNb`re`cr`oek̀e
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F@ENQ!
@ey
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