AIRBORNE DISEASES

ANIS NABIHAH
DIYANA KAMARULZAMAN
VAANITHA WILSON
What is Airborne Disease?
• Airborne = Inhalation of contaminated air

Airborne diseases are caused by pathogenic microbes small

enough to be discharged from an infected person via coughing,
sneezing, laughing and close personal contact or aerosolization of
the microbe.  

The discharged microbes remain suspended in the air on dust

particles, respiratory and water droplets.

Illness is caused when the microbe is inhaled or contacts with

mucus membranes or when secretions remaining on a surface are
touched.
AIRBORNE DISEASE TRANSMISSION

https://bmcinfectdis.biomedce
ntral.com/articles/10.1186/s1
2879-019-3707-y
 How Are The Repiratory Viruses
Transmitted?
• There are two main modes of transmissions.
1.Via droplet
2.Through the air for smaller particles

First10em.com
https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/ncid-studying-to-see-if-virus-naturally-airborne
DISTRIBUTION OF AIRBORNE CASES
GLOBALLY AND LOCALLY
COVID-19 CASES DISTRIBUTION (WHO)
TB CASES DISTRIBUTION (KKM&WHO)

(WHO)

(KKM Website))
INFLUENZA CASES DISTRIBUTION
(KKM&WHO)

(KKM Website))
MEASLES DISTRIBUTION (KKM Website))

(KKM)

(KKM Website))
WHOOPING COUGH DISTRIBUTION (KKM)

(KKM Website))
LIST OF COMMON AIRBORNE
DISEASES
1. Coronavirus and COVID-19
2. Tuberculosis (TB)
3. Influenza
4. Mumps
5. Chickenpox
6. Whooping cough (pertussis)
7. The common cold
8. Measles
9. Diphtheria
 TUBERCULOSIS INFLUENZA CHICKEN POX MUMPS WHOOPING COUGH

Tuberculosis (TB) is an Influenza is a viral An ubiquitous and Mumps is an acute viral Highly contagious
airborne disease caused infection that affects extremely contagious infection of childhood respiratory infection
mainly the nose, infection, is usually a that typically involves
throat, bronchi and, benign illness of swelling of one or both
occasionally, lungs. childhood parotid glands, although
characterized by an many different organs
exanthematous can be infected
vesicular rash
25 173 recorded cases Malaysia's influenza Affected approximately More than 85% of adults Infants less than
nationally in 2018, and rates are almost 4 million children per having evidence of one year of age
an estimated incidence comparable with year, caused as many previous infection. constitute 50-70%
rate of 92 cases per 100 worldwide rates, with as 100 deaths in Smaller outbreaks have of diagnosed cases.
000 population estimates ranging children annually occurred in 2009, 2012,
from 7-12% of the and 2014 to 2015.
study population.
Caused by Caused by influenza Caused by Varicella Caused by mumps virus, Caused by
Mycobacterium pathogen belongs to Zoster Virus belongs to Bordetella pertussis
tuberculosis (M. RNA virus ,the family paramyxoviridae family.
tuberculosis). orthomyxoviruses
 TUBERCULOSIS INFLUENZA CHICKEN POX MUMPS WHOOPING COUGH

The incubation period The incubation period Incubation period of The average incubation Incubation period
may vary from about of influenza is usually chickenpox ranges period for mumps is 16 for whooping cough
two to 12 weeks two days but can from 10–21 days but is to 18 days, with a range is usually 7 to 10
range from 1-4 days. usually 14–17 days of 12 to 25 days. days.
Often asymptomatic, Sudden onset of fever, Rash Fever Low grade fever
and do not feel sick. cough (usually dry), Low grade fever Muscular pain Vomiting
Other symptoms are headache, muscle and Malaise (especially in the neck) Sleep apnea
weight loss, fever/chills, joint pain, severe Headache Cough
night sweats, weakness, malaise (feeling Malaise typically Runny nose
cough (> 3weeks), chest unwell), sore throat precede the parotid
pain, hemoptysis runny nose. swelling by 12 to 24
(coughing up blood) hours
Complications: Spinal Complications Complications: Complications: Dehydration.breathi
pain, Joint damage, :Encephalitis, Bacterial infections of - oophoritis , mastitis, ng difficulties,
Heart disorders. myocarditis, the skin and soft pancreatitis, weight loss,
pneumonitis, death tissues in children. encephalitis, meningitis pneumonia – an
Without treatment, Infection of the lungs infection of the
tuberculosis can be (pneumonia) Infection lungs.fits
fatal.  or swelling of the brain (seizures)kidney
(encephalitis, problems.
cerebellar ataxia)
Whooping Cough Chicken Pox Mumps TB

(cdc.gov)

(mayo clinic)
Influenza (aalen county
department of
health)
(cdc.gov)

(cdc.gov)
 Corona Virus & Covid-19

• Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses, some cause illness in humans, and
others cause illness in animals, such as bats, camels, and civets.
• Human coronaviruses cause mild illness, such as the common cold
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a
coronavirus, called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
• Previous Coronaviruses have included SARS- CoV and MERS-CoV
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain of
coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. 
 How Covid reached human?
The most likely ecological reservoirs for coronaviruses are bats, but it is believed
that the virus jumped the species barrier to humans from another intermediate
animal host.
This intermediate animal host could be a domestic food animal, a wild animal, or a
domesticated wild animal which has not yet been identified.
 Epidemiology Covid-19
The first transmission was in Wuhan, a city in the Hubei province of China. Reports of
Covid -19 cases started in December 2019.

https://covid19.who.int/?
gclid=CjwKCAjw_JuGBhBkEiwA1xmbRVgZ0uv4VPM21m8c8tMLdcpIT0dO9NWX9PDR60ggMI
_pXLzLPXAH6BoCmacQAvD_BwE
 https://covid19.who.int/?
gclid=CjwKCAjw_JuGBhBkEiwA1xmbRVgZ0uv4VPM21m8c8tMLdcpIT0dO9N
WX9PDR60ggMI_pXLzLPXAH6BoCmacQAvD_BwE
(13/6/2021)
Covid 19 Cases in Malaysia 31st May 2021 to 13th June 2021

http://covid-19.moh.gov.my/

13/6/2021
 Classification

Family: Coronaviridae
Gender: Coronavirus
Genome: linear single- stranded RNA
Pleomorphic, wrapped
80 – 220 nm
30 serotypes
Spherical or helical
Surface antigens are glycoprotein and nucleoprotein internally

(Microbiology Lecture Notes Year 1, Lincoln Uni)

Life Cycle of Corona Virus

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Mode of Transmission

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 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF COVID-19
PRIMARY Health Promotion Education Lifestyle Control
PREVENTION

• Wash your hands often with soap and water for 20 seconds. If soap and water are
not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
• Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.
• Make wearing a mask a normal part of being around the people.
• Maintain at least 1 metre distance between yourself and others.
• Avoid the 3Cs: spaces that are closed, crowded, or involve close contact.
• Cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or
sneeze.
• Clean and disinfect frequently touched objects and surfaces.
• Stay at home.
• Seek medical advice if you’re sick.
SECONDARY Early Detection Prompt Treatment
PREVENTION
 TERTIARY Prevent Future Complication of the Symptoms
PREVENTION

 Patients that are affected by Covid-19 are suffering from short- and long-term
effects caused by the disease. The goal of the treatment is to enable the patient
to further increase physical activity and improve capacity to exercise, preventing
future complications of the symptoms.
 Physiotherapists will be essential in providing these rehabilitation services.

Eg : Patients that have been discharged from

the hospital often receive the advice to
gradually increase their activities of daily
living, and are given functional physical
exercises to perform at home.
(Physiospot.com)
 VACCINATION IN MALAYSIA
• All three vaccines showed high efficacy against severe COVID-19.
• Local and systemic adverse effects are relatively common with these vaccines, especially after the
second dose.
• There have been a few reports of severe allergic reactions following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination,
including some reports of patients who experienced anaphylaxis after receiving a SARS-CoV-2
mRNA vaccine.
(KKM Website))
RECOMMENDATION & CONTROL
• The government and MOH play a big role in leading and educating all
layers of society to prevent further transmission of Covid-19 virus. Many
efforts and actions had been taken in ensuring maximum readiness to
contain this pandemic.
• For example, the enforcement of MCO, massive health and PCR
screening, placement of the thermal scanner in airport, and also
financial support given according the economical status and many more.
• But, the successful rate to fully overcome and to end the spread of this
deadly virus actually depend on the responsibility of all Malaysians.
CONCLUSION
• Airborne diseases are very easy to be transmitted from one to
another, thus it is very hard to fully prevent the spread of the disease.
But with proper preventive measures, we can avoid the inhalation
and contact of the infected particles.
• Certain environmental factors give us some disadvantages as they
played a part in increase of the transmission rate.
• Herd community can be achieved through vaccination programmes,
and are proved to be effective in stopping the spread of the disease
and protecting the people from being infected.
Question
1. A number of complications are associated with influenza.
Which of the following is NOT one of these complications?
A. Nephritis.
B. Pneumonitis.
C. Myocarditis.
D. Encephalitis.
E. Death.
Below are the characteristics of Corona Virus except?
a) Spiked
b) Round or Helical in shape
c) 60 - 220nm is size
d) Linear double stranded RNA
References
• Coronavirus: Infection Prevention and Control. NursingCenter. (n.d.).
https://www.nursingcenter.com/ncblog/january-2020/coronavirus.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Products
Summary Recommendations. National Institutes of Health.
https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapies/anti-sars-cov-2-antibody-
products/summary-recommendations/.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Prevention of SARS-CoV-2. National
Institutes of Health. https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/overview/prevention-of-
sars-cov-2/.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Products
Summary Recommendations. National Institutes of Health.
https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapies/anti-sars-cov-2-antibody-products/su
mmary-recommendations
/.
• KKM Malaysia and WHO.