Particulate

Nature of Matter
 Changes of States of Matter
• Matter can exist in the solid, liquid or gaseous state,
depending on its temperature and atmospheric pressure.
• At a fixed pressure, the temperature of an object will
determine its state.
Boiling occurs Boiling occurs when
when ice is heated liquid water is heated
to a temperature of to a temperature of
0 0C and above. 100 0C.

Freezing occurs Condensation

when water is occurs when water
cooled to 0 0C and vapour is cooled to
below. a temperature of
100 0C and below.
 Melting
• When a solid is strongly heated, the particles gain energy
and vibrate more vigorously in their fixed positions.
• When the particles have enough energy (i.e. reach the
melting point), they break free from one another and
move about randomly.
• The particles are no longer held in fixed positions, but they
are still close to one another.
• This change in arrangement and motion of particles is
known as melting.

Solid Gain in energy Liquid

 Freezing
• When a liquid is cooled, the particles lose energy and
they move about more slowly.
• As the temperature falls, the particles lose more and
more energy until they are close enough to allow the
forces of attraction to make them return to their fixed
positions.
• The substance has changed from a liquid to a solid.
• This change in arrangement and motion of particles is
called freezing.

Loss in energy

Liquid Solid
 Boiling
• When a liquid is heated, the particles gain energy
and vibrate and move about more vigorously.
• When the particles have enough energy (i.e reach
the boiling point), they break free from one
another.
• The particles become randomly arranged, very far
apart and moving about at great speeds.
• This change in arrangement and motion of the
particles is known as boiling.

Liquid Gas
Gain in energy
 Condensation
• When a gas is cooled, the particles lose energy and they
move about less vigorously and at lower speeds.
• As the temperature falls, the particles lose more and
more energy until they are close enough to be attracted
to one another.
• The substance has turned from a gas to a liquid.
• This change in arrangement and motion of particles is
known as condensation.

Loss in energy

Gas Liquid
 Miscellaneous
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/s
cience/chemistry/particle_model_intro.sht
ml
• http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_int
ro.html
• http://www.abpischools.org.uk/resources/s
olids-liquids-gases/slg2.asp
• http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/liquid
s/character.html