METALLURGY SECTION

: Jaramilla, John Erl S.; Radia, Rezvani; Sabandal, AG

Group 9
OVERVIEW
• Most solids used are engineering materials consisting of crystalline
solids in which the atoms or ions are arranged in a repetitive geometric
pattern which is known as a lattice structure.
OVERVIEW
• Crystalline Solids Cohesion is obtained by a metallic or chemical
bond which is formed between the constituent atoms.

• Chemical bonds can be grouped into two types consisting of ionic and
covalent.
Learning Outcomes

Explain what is the importance of Metallurgy Section

• Define the process of how Chemical Bonds are grouped

• Capacity of understanding the two section of welding in Metallurgy

• Describe the equipment’s, process, and conditions in Metallurgy

• Knowledge in safety practices when welding in a workplace.

Introduction
• Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the
physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds,
and their mixtures, which are called alloys.

• Metallurgy is distinct from the craft of metalworking.

• Metalworking relies on metallurgy in a similar manner to how medicine relies on

medical science for technical advancement.

• A specialist practitioner of metallurgy is known as a Metallurgist.

Covalent Bonding

-Takes place when one of the constituent atoms loses one or more electrons
with the other atom gaining electrons shared by the molecule as a mole.
-Elements having very high ionisation energies are incapable of transferring
electrons and elements having very low electron affinity cannot take up
electrons.
Covalent Bonding can be Achieved in two Ways:
• Sharing of electrons between atoms of the same kind
• Sharing of electrons between atoms of different kind
Covalent Bonding

Examples:
• Methane
• Hydrochloric acid
Metallic bonding
• Can be classified as a type of covalent bonding for which the constituent atoms of the same type and do not
combine with one another to form a chemical bond.

• Atoms will lose an electron(s) forming an array of positive ions. These electrons are shared by the lattice which
makes the electron cluster mobile, as the electrons are free to move as well as the ions.

• This is sometimes described as "an array of positive ions in a sea of electrons".

Properties Attributed by Metallic Bonding
• Electrical Conductivity

-Electrical conductivity is a measure of the ability of a substance to allow a charge to move

through it.

• Thermal Conductivity

-The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to conduct/transfer heat.

When one end of a metallic substance is heated, the kinetic energy of the electrons in that area
increases.

• Malleability and Ductility

-the sea of electrons in the metallic bond enables the deformation of the lattice. Therefore,
when metals are beaten with a hammer, the rigid lattice is deformed and not fractured.
Properties Attributed by Metallic Bonding

• Metallic Luster

-This emission of light due to the de-excitation of electrons attributes a shiny

metallic lustre to the metal.

• High Melting and Boiling Points

-As a result of powerful metallic bonding, the attractive force between the metal
atoms is quite strong. In order to overcome this force of attraction, a great deal of
energy is required. This is the reason why metals tend to have high melting and boiling
points.
Ductility

• Ductility is the ability of a material to be drawn or plastically deformed without

fracture. It is therefore an indication of how ‘soft’ or malleable the material is.

• Is an important factor in ensuring the integrity of structures by enabling them

to sustain local stress concentrations without fracture.

• A reduction in fracture toughness may also be attributed to the embitterment

effect of impurities, or for body-centered cubic metals, from a reduction in
temperature. Metals and in particular steels have a transitional temperature
range where above this range the metal has acceptable notch-ductility while
below this range the material becomes brittle.
Charpy impact test
Charpy impact test

• The Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy V-notch

test, is a standardized high strain-rate test which determines
the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture.
Absorbed energy is a measure of the material's notch
toughness.
The crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD)
The crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD)

• Measures the resistance of a material to the propagation of

a crack.
• used on materials that can show some plastic deformation
before failure occurs causing the tip to stretch open.
Accurate measurement of this displacement is one of the
essentials of the test
J integral test
J integral test

• The J-integral represents a way to calculate the strain

energy release rate, or work (energy) per unit fracture
surface area, in a material.
• The J-integral is equal to the strain energy release rate for a
crack in a body subjected to monotonic loading.
Pellini drop-weight test
Pellini drop-weight test

• Drop weight test, more specifically Pellini test, of evaluating

fracture toughness of ferritic steels, is one of the most critical
methods of materials testing used in the construction and
operation of pressure components in the nuclear steam supply
system (NSSS)
• The importance of the test has been increased by the
introduction of the linear elastic fracture mechanics concept in
the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, since the Pellini
test should provide the basic data for the actual evaluation of
the toughness.
Unusual Welding Conditions

• Shielded metal arc welding

- Is also often used in underwater welding in the construction and repairs of ships, offshore platforms,
and pipelines

• Welding in space

- Welding in space is characterized by unusually complex conditions. It is performed in vacuums as

high as 10-10 newton/m2 (10-12 mm Hg) under zero-gravity conditions, features a high rate of gas
diffusion, and exhibits a temperature range from - 150° to + 130 °C.

-Friction Stir Welding is a technique that uses frictional heating with forging pressure to produce
high-strength bonds essentially free of defects.
 Glass and Plastic Welding Section

• Glasses and certain types of plastics are commonly

welded materials. Unlike metals, which have a specific
melting point, glasses and plastics have a melting range,
called the glass transition. When heating the solid
material into this range, it Will generally become softer
and more pliable.
Glass Welding
Glass Welding

• Welding glass is accomplished by heating the glass through the glass transition,
turning it into a thick, formable, liquid mass. Heating is usually done with a gas or
oxy-gas torch, or a furnace, because the temperatures for melting glass are often
quite high.

• Glass welding is a common practice during glassblowing.

• Glass can also be welded to metals and ceramics, although with metals the
process is usually more adhesion to the surface of the metal rather than a
commingling of the two materials.
Plastic welding

• Plastics are generally divided into two categories, which are "thermosets" and
"thermoplastics."

Thermoset - is a plastic in which a chemical reaction sets the molecular bonds after
first forming the plastic, and then the bonds cannot be broken again without degrading the
plastic.

Thermoplastics - by contrast, form long molecular chains, which are often coiled or
intertwined, forming an amorphous structure without any long-range, crystalline order.
 Plastic welding

• Welding thermoplastic is very similar to welding glass. The plastic first must be cleaned
and then heated through the glass transition, turning the weld-interface into a thick,
viscous liquid.

• The main differences between welding glass and plastic are the types of heating methods,
the much lower melting temperatures, and the fact that plastics will burn if overheated.

• electric heating tools can be used to melt the plastic. Ultrasonic, laser, or friction heating
are other methods.

• Many thermoplastics can also be welded using chemical solvents.