Power System Protection

Eng. C. Devin Aluthge

Syllabus
Generator, Transformer and Busbar protection
Basics of generator, transformer and busbar protection.

Transmission Line and Feeder protection

Distance protection: General principles, relationship between primary and
secondary impedance, zones, distance relay performance. Feeder protection.

Relay coordination
Principles of over current protection, discrimination by time, current, time and
current, inverse characteristics, discriminative grading, earth fault detection,
sensitive earth fault protection, theory and operation of directional over current,
earth fault relays and their applications.
Generators working in Sync - Prerequisites
• What is meant by synchronizing a generator?
• The Samanalawawa generator has a capacity of 60 MW. When
operating the generator delivers 40 MW. However, the power needs
to be risen to 50 MW. Then the water volume is increased. What
happens to the speed of the generator?
• What is the slack generator?
• What is the relationship between frequency and Power?
Over Fluxing Protection
• What
  is V/f protection?

• If the ratio goes up the flux in the

transformer will flow in undesired
paths.
• Will result in the heating of the core.
• Usually, the transformer works at the
knee point.
• Definition of the knee point of the BH
curve : 10% increase in B 50% increase
in H
Case Study : Upper Kothmale Main
Transformer
Generator Protection Schemes
• 87: Generator Differential
• 87G: Generator Transformer
Differential
• 51VR: Voltage restrain overcurrent
protection
• 46: Negative phase sequence
• 40: Loss of excitation
• 87REF: Generator Transformer
Restricted Earth Fault
• 64N: Stator Earth Fault
• 64E: Rotor Earth Fault
• 91P: Over Active Power
• 91Le: Over Reactive Power
• V/f: Transformer Over Fluxing
Worst case scenario that a Generator can face
• The worst-case scenario that a
generator can face is the three
phase to ground fault.
• At this time the rotor starts
accelerating and a large current
starts flowing through the stator.
• The short circuit current is the
largest current that can be
conducted in the stator.
Generator grounding methods
 Mertz Price Criteria of Generator Protection
In this scheme of protection, currents at the
two ends of the protected section are
compared. Under normal operating
conditions, these currents are equal but may
become unequal on the occurrence of a
fault in the protected section. The difference
of the currents under fault conditions is
arranged to pass through the operating coil
of the relay. The relay then closes its
contacts to isolate protected section from
the system. This form of protection is also
known as Merz-Price circulating current
scheme.
Balanced Earth fault protection
Used in smaller
generators that are
impossible to use
the Mertz Price
protection method.
95% Stator Earth Fault Protection

• Only protect about 95% of the Stator winding measured for the over
voltage protection terminals
• 5% of the Stator winding towards neutral is unprotected
• Note: Normally the Neutral of the HV Generators are earthed using a
Distribution Transformer or Resistor to limit the fault current . If fault
current is not limited , serious core damage can occur.
• The 95 % SEF Protection is incorporated to this earthing system