Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

 Describe the characteristics of the sound
 Identify how organisms produce, transmit, and received sound
of various frequencies (infrasonic , audible and ultrasonic
sound)
  We hear so many sounds in our
surroundings in our daily life.
 Have you ever thought about what
INTRODUCTION
actually produces the sound?
TO SOUND  Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWE
TRP_eabg
 SOUND
Sound is a form of energy produce by vibrations.

Sound plays an important part in our daily lives. It helps us to communicate with each
other. We hear a wide variety of sounds in our surroundings.

Vibration is the to and fro or back and forth motion of an object.

Eg :- If you strike a school bell, it vibrates and produces sound.

If you pluck a stretched rubber band, it vibrates and produces sound.

If you beat a drum, its stretched membrane vibrates and produces sound. If you blow a
bugle, the air column vibrates and produces sound.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
 WHAT PRODUCES SOUND?
 We know that it is a vibration that produces sound!
 But how? Can you think of examples?
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BFWLb_MKyRE
 Production of sound
musical instruments
depends on the type of
instrument.
 There are four types.
1) Woodwind
2) String
3) Percussion
4) Brass
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 Woodwinds Instruments make music by blowing
on the top (or on a reed) of the instrument.

Clarinet

Bassoon

Flute Oboe Piccolo

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  Strings Instruments make music by plucking or
strumming the strings.

Electric
Violin Guitar Guitar Harp
Cello

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 Percussion instruments make music by
striking, shaking or scraping them.

Tambourine
Piano
Drum

Xylophone Maracas
Cymbals

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Brass instruments make music by buzzing lips
while blowing.

French Horn Trombone

Trumpet Tuba

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Sl.No. Musical instrument Vibrating part producing sound

1 Veena Stretched string

2 Sitar Stretched string
3 Violin Stretched string
4 Guitar Stretched string
4 Tabala Stretched membrane
5 Mridangam Stretched membrane
6 Drum Stretched membrane
7 Shehnai Air column
8 Flute Air column
9 Mouth organ Air column
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Some musical instruments produce sound
when they are beaten or struck.
Eg:- bell, ghatam, manjira, jaltarang etc.

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 HUMAN SOUND PRODUCTION
 Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-UM1p8GNeg
 In humans sound is produced by the vioce box or larynx. It is the
upper part of the wind pipe. Two vocal cords are stretched across the
voice box leaving a narrow slit. When the lungs force air through the
slit, it vibrates and produce sound.

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1) Animal like dogs, cats, horses, lion cows
also produced Sound by their vocal chords
like human beings.
2) Birds produce sound with ring of
cartilage called syrinx in their wind pipe.
3) Insects like mosquitoes and bees etc.
produced sound by vibrating their wings
rapidly.
4) Frogs produce sound by puffing their vocal
sacs up their throat like balloon while croaking

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 PROPAGATION OF SOUND
 How does sound really travel through a medium? What happens to the particles
of the medium?
 Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqnF-VPfGPw&t=7s
 sound requires a medium to propagate.Sound travels through
solids, liquids and gases. Sound does not travel in vacuum.
Eg :- Sound travels through the solid thread of a can
telephone.
A whale listens to the reflected sound (echo) in water to
locate its prey.
We are able to listen to sounds because sound travels in air.
(a mixture of gases)

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CAN SOUND PROPAGATE THROUGH
VACUUM?
 Does sound always need a medium to travel?
 Can sound travel through vacuum?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JWioG4fEhkI
 The speed of sound through air is
about 330 m/s. The speed of sound
through water is about 1500 m/s.

Solid>liquid> gases
SPEED OF
SOUND Relationship between Speed (v),
frequency (٧) and wavelength (λ)

Speed = wavelength X frequency

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SPEED OF SOUND IN DIFFERENT MEDIA AT 25 DEGREE CELCIUS
State Substance Speed in m/s

Solid Aluminium 6420

Steel 5960

Iron 5950

Brass 4700

Glass 3980

Liquid Water (Sea) 1531

Water (Distilled) 1498

Ethanol 1207

Methanol 1103

Gas Hydrogen 1284

Helium 965

Air 346

Oxygen 316
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Sulphur dioxide 213
The speed of sound in air is about 330 m/s.
The speed of light in air is about 3 * 108 m/s.
Speed of light is faster than speed of sound.
That is why the thundering sounds are always heard a
little after seeing the flash of lightning.
Both lightening & thundering occur together.
Delay in hearing is due to the difference in the speeds of
sound and light.

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Vibration is the to and fro or back
and forth motion of an object.
Vibration is also called oscillatory
motion.
A B

The motion of the pendulum from O

Motion of a simple
one extreme position to the pendulum
other extreme position and back
is called an oscillation. (A to B
and back to A)

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The number of oscillations per
second is called frequency.
It is represented by the symbol ٧
(Greek letter nu). The unit of
frequency is hertz (Hz).

A B
O
Motion of a simple
pendulum
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The time taken for one oscillation is called time period.
It is represented by the letter T.
The SI unit is second (s).
Frequency and time are represented as follows

T 𝟏

٧٧= 𝑻𝟏 A B
O
٧ for one oscillation Motion of a simple
pendulum

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 The maximum displacement of an oscillating body from
its central position is called its amplitude. (OB or OA)
OR
The amplitude of sound wave is the height of the crest or
tough.
It is represented by the letter A.
The SI unit is the same as that of density or pressure.
Wave disturbance

A B
O
Motion of a simple
pendulum

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 LOUDNESS AND PITCH OF
SOUND
i)The loudness of sound depends upon the amplitude
of vibration. If the amplitude is less the sound is
feeble. If the amplitude is more the sound is loud.
The unit of loudness is called decibel (dB).
ii)The pitch of sound (shrillness or flatness) depends
upon the frequency of vibration.
If the frequency is less the sound has low pitch.
Eg : sound of a drum, sound of an adult etc.
If the frequency is more the sound has a high pitch.
Eg :- sound of a whistle, sound of a baby etc.
 HOW YOUR EAR WORKS? 
 The ear has many amazing parts helping us to hear each day.

 But do you know how this tiny parts of our body works?

 How do you hear?

 Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mptjEoHF2aI
 HUMAN EARS
HOW WE HEAR SOUND THROUGH OUR EARS ?
Sound enters the ear through the ear canal. It makes the
eardrum to vibrate. The ear drum sends the vibrations
to the inner ear. From there the signals go to the brain
and then we hear the sound.

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 The outer ear called pinna collects the sound waves. The sound
waves passes through the ear canal to a thin membrane called eardrum.
The eardrum vibrates. The vibrations are amplified by the three bones
of the middle ear called hammer, anvil and stirrup. The middle ear then
transmits the sound waves to the inner ear. In the inner ear the sound
waves are converted into electrical signals by the cochlea and sent to
the brain through the auditory nerves. The brain then interprets the
signals as sound. Hammer Anvil

Pinna Stirrup
Cochlea

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1)Audible sound is sound which we can hear. It
has frequencies between 20 Hz and 20000 Hz.

2) Inaudible sound is sound which we cannot hear.

It has frequencies less than 20Hz and more than 20000 Hz.
Sound whose frequencies are more than 20000 Hz is called
ultrasonic sound.
Some animals like dogs can hear ultrasonic sound. Bats
produce ultrasonic sound.

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 Human beings can hear sound frequencies between 20
Hz and 2000 Hz.
Sound whose frequency is less than 20 Hz is called
infrasonic sound. Animals like dogs, elephants, rhinoceros,
whales etc. produce and hear infrasonic sound.
Sound whose frequency is more than 2000 Hz is called
ultrasonic sound. Animals like dolphins, bats, rats
porpoises etc. produce and hear ultrasonic sound.
Bats use reflection of ultrasonic sound waves to detect an
obstacle or its prey.

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1) Noise - Unpleasant sounds are called noise.
It is produced by irregular or non-periodic vibrations.
Eg :- If all the students in a classroom speak together,

a
noise is produced.
Sounds produced by horns of busses and trucks.
2) Musical sound - Sound which is pleasing to the ears is
called musical sound.
It is produced by regular or periodic vibrations.
Eg :- Sounds produced by musical instruments.
Sound of a person singing a song.

Nightingale
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 WHAT IS NOISE POLLUTION?
 What causes noise pollution?
 Effects Of Noise Pollution
 Reduce Noise Pollution
 Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQWmaYjyolE
 NOISE POLLUTION
The presence of excessive or unwanted (undesirable) sound in the
environment is called noise pollution.
a) Causes of noise pollution :-
Noise pollution is caused by sounds of vehicles, explosions including
bursting of crackers, machines, loudspeakers etc. In the home noise pollution is
caused by television radio and music systems at high volume, some kitchen
appliances, desert coolers, air conditioners etc.
b) Harmful effects of noise pollution :-
Noise pollution causes several health related problems like lack of sleep,
hypertension, high blood pressure, anxiety etc. A person exposed to loud
sound continuously may get temporary or permanent impairment of hearing.
c) Measures to limit noise pollution :-
Noise pollution can be reduced by using silencers in vehicles, industrial
machines, and home appliances reducing use of vehicle horns, running TV, radio
and music systems at low volumes. Planting of trees along roads and buildings
also help to reduce noise pollution.
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Hearing loss, also known as hearing impairment, is a
partial or total inability to hear.
A deaf person has little to no hearing.
Partial disability is generally the result of a disease
injury or age.

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Sign language (also signed language) is a
language that uses manual communication to
convey meaning. This can include
simultaneously employing hand gestures,
movement, orientation of the fingers, arms or
body, and facial expressions to convey a
speaker's ideas.

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Hearing aid is an electronic battery operated
device. It receives sound through its microphone,
which convert these sound waves to electrical
signals, these signal are amplified & given to the
speaker of the hearing aid. The speaker converts
this amplified signals back into sound. This
amplified sound is then sent to the ear & this
helps the affected person to hear it much more
clearly.

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