BY

B.RA MA NA N
D (08331A0414)
CH.SWAROOP E.SANTOSH
(08331A0431) (08331A 043
8)
CH. DILLESWARA RAO
(08331A0430)

Under the guidance of 

Sri K.SATYANARAYANA
RAJU
M.Tech
Assistant professor
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3. INPUT SECTION
4 POWER SUPPLY SECTION
.
5. COMPARATOR SECTION
6. COUNTING SECTION
7. RELAY SECTION
8 ADVANTAGES
.
9. POSSIBLE MODIFICATIONS
10. CONCLUSIONS
11. REFERENCES
1.

2
.
 
  

 It has 2 major components

which describes the input
section
1) laser diodes
2)LDRs (light dependent
resistors)
 

•A laser diode, also known as an

injection laser or diode laser.
•It is a semiconductor device that produces
coherent radiation (in which the waves are all at
the same frequency and phase) in the visible
or infrared (IR) spectrum when current passes
through it.
  
 A photoresistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is
a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing
incident light intensity.
 It can also be referred to as a photoconductor or
CdS device, from "cadmium sulfide," which is the
material from which the device is made and that
actually exhibits the variation in resistance with light
level.
 It has 3
major
components which
describes this section
1) Step down transformer
2) Rectification and
filtering
3) regulation
  
 A transformer is a device that transfers electrical
energy from one circuit to another through inductively
coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A
varying current in the first or primary winding creates a
varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and
thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary
winding.
This varying magnetic field induces a varying EMF , or
"voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is
called inductive coupling.
 7809 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit(IC)
which
is widely used in electronic circuits.
BASIC COMPARATOR:
 An op-amp can be
used as a comparator.

IVt rceofn asnisdt sV oinf

2 inputs,
 When
 V1 < V2 , Vout = 0
and when
V1> V2 , Vout=1
Here V1=Vin,

This section is
HEART of the
circuit which uses
LM324
 It delimits the

ltoso tsreasd
oitcicounrarled due
circuits
 Person entering
should be counted

pbyer csoounns
tleera1v ainngd the
room should be
 This section uses two
CD 4017 counters .
 A reset switch to reset
the counters
 Counters are followed
by and gates for
supplying the pulse to
relay for automatic
action
 Operation of relay


Operation :
1) The high output of the
AND gate makes the
transistor T1 conduct
via resistor R16, hence
the relay de-
energises.
2) Otherwise transistor T2
conducts getting base
current via resistor R18
and relay energises to
switch on the appliance
1.

2
.

3.

4
.

5.
1. The circuit can be modified to indicate the number of
persons entering and exiting the room. For the
purpose, you need to connect LEDs between the

gk1 ro ruensidst aonrsd the outputs of decade counters

through
2. One limitation of the circuit is that it cannot count
more than ten persons in succession. When the
eleventh person enters the room the circuit resets.
This problem can be overcome by cascading more
decade counters
1. For a conventional microcontroller based circuit if the
microcontroller fails the complete software installation
is required but in this circuit just replacement of the
hardware is required.
2. Considerable wastage of power can be reduced.
1. ELECTRONICS FOR YOU february 2011 edition
2. PRINCIPLES OF POWER SYSTEM by V.K.Mehta
3. UNDERSTANDING OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
SPECIFICA TION by JIM KARKI (e book)
4. LASER DIODES by Denford road
5. http://www.chipswinner.com/ends/LM324.pdf
6. http://www.pira.cz/pdf/bc548.pdf
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