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Presented by
Prabhat (97)
Pradeep.S (98) Tutor
Pradeep.R (99)
Asst. Prof. Shukra Raj Paudel
Prafulla (100)
Pramod (101) Department of Civil Engineering
Prasanna (102) IOE, Tribhuvan University
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After this presentation, we can able to understand about
SubSurface Geological
Condition Ground Sources
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Surface water Sources of Water Ground water
River
Springs
Stream
Wells
Lakes
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Surface Sources
Fig: Stream
Fig: River Fig: Impounded Reservoir
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Fig: Lake Fig: Pond 7
River
• A river is a natural channel that carries surface run off from high gradient path
to low gradient path.
• Receives runoff from catchment area or drainage basin.
• Size increases as tributaries increases.
Types of river
Fig:Dam-Creating Reservoir
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Fig:Weir–Accumulate the flow 9
Quality of River/Stream Water
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Fig: River Koshi
Fig :River Karnali
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Fig:Stream
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Types of Stream Based on Groundwater Flow:
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Lake
A large natural depression that gets filled up
with water is called Lake.
• Found in mountain and hilly areas
• Quality –Depends upon the catchment
characteristics.
• Quantity –Depends on following factors:
1. Size of Lake
2. Catchment Area
3. Annual Rainfall
4. Porosity of Ground
5. Geological Formations
6. Orientation of GWT Fig : Lake
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Ponds
Bad quality of water
Not used as water supply source
Less quantity of water Fig Section of Pond
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Can be used for animal bathing and irrigation purposes
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Impounded Reservoir
It basin constructed in the valley of a stream or river
for the purpose of holding stream flow.
stored water may be used when water supply is
insufficient. E.g. Sundarijal Dam
Two functions: i) To impound water for beneficial use
ii) To retard flood
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The location of impounded reservoir depends upon
The quality and quantity of water available
Existence of suitable dam site
Distance and elevation of reservoir
Density and distribution of population
Geological conditions etc.
The water quality is the same as in streams and rivers.
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Analytical Method
Maximum
Cumulative Surplus
+
Maximum Cumulative
Deficit
-
Total Inflow
Capacity
+
Total Demand
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Q) The yield of water from the catchment area is given below . Determine analytically
the minimum storage capacity of the impounded reservoir to maintain a constant draft
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of 4.4 mill m of water per month . Neglect all losses and wastage
Mon Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Inflo 1.5 2.0 2.5 5.0 6.0 8.2 9.0 7.5 5.0 3.5 3.1 2.0
w
( Mil
m3 )
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Solution :
Here , Water Demand = 4.4 Mm3 /month
Month Inflow Demand Cum Inflow Cum Demand Cum Surplus Cum Deficit
Type of Aquifer
•Confined Aquifer
Those bodies of water that accumulate in the permeable rock and are
enclosed between two impermeable layers.
•Unconfined Aquifer
An unconfined aquifer groundwater level coincides with the surface
Aquiclude
•It is porous but not permeable
•Argillaceous rocks like shale and clay are typical examples.
Aquifuge
• It
is neither porous nor permeable.
•There are no interconnected openings and hence it cannot transmit water
• Naturally these are not suitable for ground water occurrence. Massive granites and
quartzite are typical examples.
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In Summary
Aquifers Having
both porosity and per
meability
Aquicludes Having porosity but no
permeability
Aquitard Having
porosity but limited
permeability.
Aquifuge Having neither porosity
nor permeability.
Minerals Problems
Iron and Taste Fig: Infiltration gallery
Manganese Odour
Colour
Fig: Spring 28
Springs
A natural flow of ground water as current or stream of flowing water.
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Gravity Springs
• Resulting from gravitational forces
a) Depression springs
The flow is variable with the rise or fall of water table
In order to meet with such fluctuations, a deep
trench may be constructed.
The saturated ground above the elevation of the
trench bottom will act as a storage reservoir.
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:Depression Spring
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b. Contact or surface springs
The flow from them is uncertain and likely to
cease after a drought.
Suchsprings can also be developed by the
cconstruction of a cutoff trench or a cutoff wall.
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Fig : Contact Spring
c. Artesian Spring
The flow may be slightly increased by removal of
obstructions from the mouth of the spring
Volcanic Spring
Associated with volcanic rocks
Fissure spring
Results from fractures extending to the great depths in the earth’s crust
These are also called hot springs
Contain high minerals as well as sulphur also
Uses
o Not for Domestic purposes
o Some may be useful for the cure of skin diseases
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Wells
A well is a hole or shaft , usually vertical extended in the ground for bringing ground water
to the surface.
It can be classified into
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1)Open Wells/Dug Wells
o These are constructed by digging hence also
called dug wells.
o The walls may be of brick, stone masonry
or precast rings.
o Thickness of wall varies from 0.5 to 0.75 m depending
upon the depth of the well.
It is also further classified as following two types
Fig: Open Well
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i. Shallow Open Well a. Gravity well
Draw and Supplies from surrounding material Draw and Supplies from permeable formation
lying below impervious strata
Yield is less and uncertain due to variation in Yield is more and uniform as there is no
groundwater table fluctuations in water level
Contain large amount of suspended particles and May contain dissolved minerals
bacterial contamination
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a) Gravity wells
o The water flows under gravity into the well and rises to the height saturated
material surrounding it
b) Pressure wells/Artesian wells
o Artesian wells coincide with the confined aquifer .
o The water is provided to the surface without any sort of assistance when there is
enough pressure in the aquifer.
- It is a long pipe sunk into the ground intercepting one or more water
bearing stratum.
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Strainer Type of tube well
- If not stated tube well means Strainer
type.
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Infiltration Gallery
-Horizontal or nearly horizontal tunnel ,
usually rectangular (arched also)
in cross section
-It is generally located near a perennial
recharge source such as the bank or
under bed of a river and 3 to 10 meters
below the ground
-The quantity and quality depends
upon the location and area of coverage. Fig :Infiltration Gallery
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Infiltration Wells
- Shallow wells constructed in series along
the bank of river to collect the water
seeping through the bank.
- For purpose of inspection, manhole is
provided in the top cover of the well.
- Water has to pass through sandbed
and gets purified to some extent.
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Selection of Water Sources
a. Location
It should be near to the consumer’s area or town as far as possible.
Location may be at higher elevation
b. Quantity of Water
Meet the demand for that design period in the wet and dry seasons also.
If possible, there should be sufficient supply for future extension of project.
c. Quality of Water
The water should be safe and free from pathogenic bacteria, germs and pollution.
d. Cost
Gravity system of flow is generally cheaper than pumping.
Lesser the impurities, lesser the treatment and cost is reduced.
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Thank you
For Watching
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