Muscles and Movement

By:
Owais fida
B.S,B.ed, M.Phil (Microbiology)
SUBJECT SPECIALIST Biology Edu. Dept. GOP
Lecturer Biology KIPS (pvt) limitid.
Last 13 years paper’s review

Year No. of mcq’s

2008 04

2009-10 03

Model Paper-2011,2011-15, 2017-retake 05

2016 04

2018 04

2019 03

2020 03
 • Cartilage

• Types of joints

• Gout and arthritis

Course contents • Types of muscles

Skeletal muscles
Cardiac muscles
Smooth muscles

• Structure of skeletal muscles

• Mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BONE AND CARTILAGE
BONE CARTILAGE
CONNECTIVE TISSUES Rigid (Hard ) Rigid (Soft)
MATRIX Collagen (Type-I dense ) + Ca2PO4 + Collagen (Type-II loosely pack) +
Non-elastic fibers Elastic fibers + sugars
LIVING CELLS Osteoblast + Osteoclast + Osteocytes Chondrocytes
STRUCTURE Porous + Inflexible (ossien) Non-porous + Flexible (Chondrin)
MESENCHYMAL ORIGIN Yes Yes
BLOOD AND NERVOUS Yes No
SUPPLY
BONE MARROW Yes No
HEALING / REPAIR Yes No
TYPES Spongy and Compact Bone Hyaline, Elastic and fibrous
Types of BONE
Types of CARTILAGE
HUMAN SKELETON

Axial
Appendicular AXIAL VERTEBRAE

RIB CAGE
SKULL

Facial bones Cranial bones

 Maxilla  Parietal Paired
 Zygomatic  Temporal
 Nasal  Frontal
 Lacrimal  Occipital
Unpaired
 Palatine  Sphenoid
 Inf.concha  Ethmoid
 Mandible Unpaired
 vomer
VERTEBRAE

 Cervical 7

 Thoracic 12

 Lumbar 5

 Pelvic 9

a)Sacrum 5

b)Coccyx 4
Rib Cage

 Ribs 24
 20 attached

 4 floating)

 Sternum 1
 Fore Limb

Scapula

PECTORAL GIRDLE
APPENDICULAR

Clavicle

FORE LIMB
Humerus 1
Radius 1
Ulna 1
Carpals 8
Meta carpals 5
Phalanges 14
 Hind limb
PELVIC GIRDLE

Ilium
2 Coxal bones Ischium
Pubis

Femur 1
Tibia 1
Fibula 1
HIND LIMB
Tarsals 7
Meta tarsals 5
Phalanges 14
 Joints
Classification

• amount of mobility permitted by the joint

• Type of tissue connecting the bones

FUNCTIONAL NAME STRUCTURAL NAME DEGREE OF MOVEMENT EXAMPLE

PERMITTED
Synarthroses Fibrous Immovable Sutures of the skull
Amphiarthroses Cartilaginous Slightly movable Pubic symphysis
Diarthroses Synovial Freely movable Shoulder joint
Fixed Joint or Synarthroses- (Fibrous)
Slightly Movable Joint or Amphiarthroses-
(Cartilagenous)
Freely Moveable Joint or Synovial
Introduction

• Movement/locomotion

• Types of movements

• Types of tissues

• Types of muscular tissues

Structure of skeletal muscles

Human body contains over 650 skeletal muscles

Skeletal muscle is composed of

• Skeletal muscle tissue

• Nervous tissue,

• Blood vessels

• Connective tissue

Half of the body’s weight is muscle tissue

• Skeletal muscle = 40% in males, 32% in females

• Cardiac muscle = 10%

 Skeletal Muscles
• Origin - attachment to stationary bone
• Insertion – attachment to moveable bone
• Muscles can be attached either directly or
indirectly
• Direct or fleshy attachments = the
epimysium of the muscle is fused to the
PERIOSTEUM of a bone or perichondrium of
CARTILAGE
• Indirect attachment = the muscle’s
connective tissue wrappings extend beyond
the muscle as a ropelike tendon
 Connective tissues

• Epimysium
• Surrounds entire muscle
• Perimysium
• Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers
• Fascicles
• Endomysium
• Surrounds individual muscle fibers
 Organization of Muscle Tissue
MUSCLE
• Covered by Epimysium
• Composed of Muscle bundle which contain
Myofibre(cell)

MYOFIBRE
• Covered by Sarcolemma
• Diameter 10-100 micrometer
• Oval nuclei,Myoglobin

MYOFIBRIL
• 1-2 micrometer in diameter
• Composed of Sarcomere
• Show Dark ( A) and Light ( i) band
Muscle fibers

Myoglobin

Storage molecules

Glycogen

Sarcoplasm
Myosin –thick
filaments – 16nm
Protoplasm
Contractile unites
Muscle cell/ Multiple peripheral called myofibrils
myofiber nucleus Actin thin filaments
Organelles
-7-8nm
Sarcolema Sarcosomes
Sarcoplasmic
reticulumn
Organization of muscle fiber

Organization of a muscle fiber

Ultra structure of myofiber
 Skeletal Muscle Cells
• LONG CYLINDRICAL cell with Multiple oval NUCLEI

• Huge cells – their diameter is up to 10 X the average cell and

their length can reach HUNDREDS OF CENTIMETERS long

• Sarcoplasm contain

• Sarcoplasmic reticulumn

• Sarosomes

• GLYCOSOMES (stored glycogen) and a unique

• Myoglobin

• Myofibrils

• T-tubules
Myofibril
• The myofibril is The thick filaments, made mostly of myosin,

composed of have small “heads” that move.

“thick” and “thin” The thin filaments have points to which the
filaments. myosin heads temporarily attach.
 Thick Filament Structure
• Composed of many myosin molecules
• Each myosin molecule has a tail region and 2 globular heads (crossbridges)
Thin Filament Structure
Composed of actin protein

• 2 strands of globular actin molecules twisted into a helix

• Actin filaments have binding sites for myosin cross bridges

• Tropomyosin protein spirals around actin helix

• Troponin protein (3 subunits) is attached to actin and holds tropomyosin in place

• Call this the troponin-tropomyosin complex

Tropomyosin Actin
Troponin complex
Relationship of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules to
myofibrils of skeletal muscle

I band A band I band

Z disc H zone Z disc

M
Part of a skeletal line
muscle fiber (cell)
Sarcolemma

Triad

Mitochondrion

Myofibrils
Myofibril
Tubules of
sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Sarcolemma
Terminal cisterna
of the sarcoplasmic
reticulum
T tubule
Sarcomere

The length of each myofibril is divided into repeating units called sarcomeres

• A sarcomere is the functional unit of skeletal muscle

Sarcomere Structure
Muscle Structure
• Orderly arrangement of filaments
• Actin & Myosin
 Past papers
TYPES OF MUSCLES
Lining of digestive system contain the: (Model Paper)
A) Skeletal muscles. C) Cardiac muscles.
B) Skeletal and cardiac muscles. D) Smooth muscles.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF MYOFILAMENTS
Diameter of skeletal muscle fiber is: (Model Paper)
A) 2-50 μm. C) 10-100 μm.
B) 30-90 μm. D) 1-80 μm.
Muscle is made up of many cells which are referred to as: (2011)
A) Myofilaments C) Sarcolemma
B) Myofibrils D) Muscle fiber
The length of the myofibril from one Z-band to the next is known as: (2011)
A) Sarcomere C) Sarcoplasm
B) Sarcolemma D) Muscle fiber
The pigment which stores oxygen in muscles is: (2011)
A) Haemoglobin C) Myosin
B) Myoglobin D) Actinomyosin
 Past papers
Each muscle fibre is surrounded by a membrane which is called: (2012)
A) Sarcomere C) Twitch fibre
B) Sarcolemma D) Capsule
The length of the myofibril from one Z-band to the next is described as: (2013)
A) Sarcolemma C) Muscle fibre
B) Sarcoplasm D) Sarcomere
The repeated protein pattern of myofibril is called: (2014)
A) Sarcomere C) Sarcolemma
B) Zyomere D) Cross bridges
A sarcomere is the region of a myofibril between two successive: (2015)
A) M-lines C) I-bands
B) Z-lines D) T-tubules
The sarcolemma of muscle fiber folds inwards and forms a system of tubes which runs through the
sarcoplasm called: (2015)
A) Myofilament C) Z-lines
B) Sarcoplasmic reticulum D) Transverse tubules
Each muscle fibre is surrounded by a modified cell membrane called: (2016)
A) Sarcolemma C) Myosin filament
B) Sarcomere D) Myofilament
Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Sliding filament theory

Role of calcium ions

Motor Neuron
Nerve cell that innervates skeletal muscle tissue

Dendrite

• Receives information

Axon

• Transmits information

• Has vesicles containing neurotransmitter that will stimulate or

inhibit muscle contraction

Neuromuscular Junction -Site where branch of motor

neuron (motor nerve ending) comes in contact with
sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fiber

• A type of synapse
 Neuro-muscular junction
Motor end-plate
Sarcolemma of muscle fiber directly beneath motor nerve ending
Contains an abundance of mitochondria and nuclei
Transmission of impulse

Motor impulse is initiated in the brain

Travels through the brain and spinal cord

to a motor nerve ending

Motor nerve endings (axons) depolarize

Calcium enters the axonal endings

Calcium causes the release of

acetylcholine into the neuromuscular
junction (synaptic cleft)
Neuromuscular Junction
actin
actin troponin
 tropomyosin

actin troponin
 tropomyosin

actin troponin
myosin binding site
tropomyosin

actin troponin
Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca
2+
 Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca
2+

Calcium ions are released from the sarcolemma after

stimulation from the T system
 Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca
2+
Ca2+
 Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca
2+
Ca2+

the calcium ions bind to the troponin and changes its shape
 Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca
2+
Ca2+

the calcium ions bind to the troponin and changes its shape
 Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca
2+
Ca2+
 Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca
2+
Ca2+
 Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca
2+
Ca2+

the troponin displaces the tropomyosin and exposes the

myosin binding sites
 Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca
2+
Ca2+
 Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca
2+
Ca2+
 Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca
2+
Ca2+

the bulbous heads of the myosin attach to the binding

sites on the actin filaments
 Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca
2+
Ca2+
Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca2+
 Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca2+

the myosin heads change position to achieve a lower

energy state and slide the actin filaments past the
stationary myosin
 Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca2+

Pi Pi Pi A
Pi Pi Pi A Pi Pi Pi A
 Pi Pi Pi A

Pi Pi Pi ACa2+ Ca2+ Pi Pi Pi A
Ca2+
 Pi Pi Pi A

Pi Pi Pi ACa2+ Ca2+ Pi Pi Pi A
Ca2+

ATP binds to the bulbous heads and causes it to become

detached
 Pi Pi Pi A

Pi Pi Pi A Pi Pi Pi A

Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca2+

ATP binds to the bulbous heads and causes it to become

detached
 Pi
Pi Pi A

Pi Pi
Pi Pi A Pi Pi A

Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca2+

hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy to “re-cock” the heads

 Pi
Pi Pi A

Pi Pi
Pi Pi A Pi Pi A

Ca2+ Ca2+
Ca2+

hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy to “re-cock” the heads

 Pi
Pi Pi A

Pi Pi
Pi Pi A Pi Pi A

Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+

 Pi
Pi Pi A

Pi Pi
Pi Pi A Pi Pi A

Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+

calcium ions are re-absorbed back into the T system

 Pi
Pi Pi A

Pi Pi
Pi Pi A Pi Pi A

calcium ions are re-absorbed back into the T system

 Pi
Pi Pi A

Pi Pi
Pi Pi A Pi Pi A

the troponin reverts to its normal shape and the tropomyosin

move back to block the myosin binding sites
 Pi
Pi Pi A

Pi Pi
Pi Pi A Pi Pi A

the troponin reverts to its normal shape and the tropomyosin

move back to block the myosin binding sites
 Pi
Pi Pi A

Pi Pi
Pi Pi A Pi Pi A

the troponin reverts to its normal shape and the tropomyosin

move back to block the myosin binding sites
 Pi
Pi Pi A

Pi Pi
Pi Pi A Pi Pi A

phosphocreatine regenerates ATP

 Pi Pi Pi A

Pi
Pi Pi A Pi Pi Pi A

phosphocreatine regenerates ATP

 Pi Pi Pi A

Pi Pi Pi A Pi Pi Pi A

phosphocreatine regenerates ATP

 The Cross Bridge
Cycle
Myosin head ADP
(high-energy Pi
configuration)

1 Myosin head attaches to the actin

myofilament, forming a cross bridge.
Thin filament

ADP Thick filament ADP

ATP
hydrolysis Pi

4 As ATP is split into ADP and Pi, the myosin
head is energized (cocked into the high-energy
conformation).
2 Inorganic phosphate (Pi) generated in the previous
contraction cycle is released, initiating
the power (working) stroke. The myosin head
pivots and bends as it pulls on the actin filament,
sliding it toward the M line. Then ADP is released.

ATP
Myosin head
ATP (low-energy
configuration)

3 As new ATP attaches to the myosin head, the link between

Myosin and actin weakens, and the cross bridge detaches.
 The Sliding-Filament Mechanism

With exposure of the myosin binding sites on actin (the thin filaments)—in the presence of
Ca2+ and ATP—the thick and thin filaments “slide” on one another and the sarcomere is
shortened
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Axon terminal Neurotransmitter released
diffuses across the synaptic
Synaptic cleft and attaches to ACh
Synaptic cleft
Sarcolemma
vesicle T tubule

1 Net entry of Na+ initiates

an action potential which
is propagated along the
ACh ACh ACh sarcolemma and down
the T tubules.
Ca2+ Ca2+
SR tubules (cut)
SR
2 Action potential Ca2+ Ca2+
in T tubule activates
voltage-sensitive
ADP receptors, which in
turn trigger Ca2+
Pi release from terminal
cisternae of SR Ca2+
Ca2+
into cytosol. Ca2+ Ca2+
6 Tropomyosin blockage
restored, blocking myosin 3 Calcium ions bind to troponin;
binding sites on actin; troponin changes shape, removing
contraction ends and Ca2+ the blocking action of tropomyosin;
muscle fiber relaxes. actin active sites exposed.

5 Removal of Ca2+ by active transport

into the SR after the action
potential ends.
Ca2+
4 Contraction; myosin heads alternately attach to
actin and detach, pulling the actin filaments toward
the center of the sarcomere; release of energy by
ATP hydrolysis powers the cycling process.
All or nothing
• Fibers are either
“on” (contracted)
or “off” (relaxed).
• When lifting light
weights, only a few
fibers may be “on.”
For heavy weights,
many more may
be “on,” and may
take turns to
prevent fatigue.
Muscle Relaxation Mechanism
1. Acetylcholinesterase present in the NMJ destroys ACh (preventing continual
stimulation)

2. Calcium ions are transported from the sarcoplasm back into the SR

3. Linkages between myosin and actin are broken

• Requires ATP binding

THEN: The muscle fiber relaxes

ATP Supply for Contraction

ADP + Pi
Pathway 1
Relaxation
DEPHOSPHORYLATION
CREATINE PHOSPHATE
Contraction

creatine

Pathway 2 Pathway 3
AEROBIC RESPIRATION GLYCOLYSIS ALONE

glucose from bloodstream and

oxygen
from glycogen breakdown in cells
Methods of regenerating ATP during muscle activity
Glucose (from Glucose (from
glycogen breakdown or glycogen breakdown or
delivered from blood) delivered from blood)
CP ADP O2
Glycolysis Pyruvic acid
in cytosol Fatty
acids O2
O2 Aerobic respiration
2 ATP Amino
Creatine ATP in mitochondria
Pyruvic acid acids
net gain
O2 38 ATP
CO2
Released Lactic acid H2O
to blood net gain per glucose

(a) Direct phosphorylation (b) Anaerobic mechanism (glycolysis (c) Aerobic mechanism (aerobic cellular
[coupled reaction of creatine and lactic acid formation) respiration)
phosphate (CP) and ADP]

Energy source: CP Energy source: glucose Energy source: glucose; pyruvic acid; free
fatty acids from adipose tissue; amino acids
from protein catabolism

Oxygen use: None Oxygen use: None Oxygen use: Required

Products: 1 ATP per CP, creatine Products: 2 ATP per glucose, lactic acid Products: 38 ATP per glucose, CO2, H2O
Duration of energy provision: 15s Duration of energy provision: 30–60 s. Duration of energy provision: Hours
 Exercise and Skeletal Muscles
Prolonged, moderate exercise

• ATP supplied through cellular respiration

• Once glycogen stores are depleted in muscle, glucose and fatty acid deliveries from blood are used as fuel source

Muscle Hypertrophy Muscle Atrophy

Enlargement of a muscle Weakening and shrinking of a muscle
More capillaries May be caused
More mitochondria Immobilization
Caused by
Strenuous exercise
Exercise and Skeletal Muscles

Intense, strenuous exercise

• Muscles exceed capacity of respiratory

and cardiovascular systems to deliver
oxygen for contraction

• ATP supplied anaerobically through

glycolysis

• Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid

• Lactic acid builds up in muscles

• Causes muscles to fatigue

 Oxygen Debt
•Amount of oxygen needed by liver cells to use the
accumulated lactic acid to produce glucose
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Glycogen
• Oxygen not available
• Glycolysis continues
• Pyruvic acid converted to Energy to Glucose Energy
synthesize from
lactic acid ATP ATP
• Liver converts lactic acid Pyruvic acid

to glucose
• Also the amount of
Lactic acid
oxygen needed to replace
O2 levels in skeletal muscle Glycolysis and
lactic acid formation
Synthesis of glucose
from lactic acid

to pre-exercise levels
(in muscle) (in liver)
87
 Past papers SLIDING FILAMENT MODEL
During muscle contraction (2010)
A) I-band shortens C) Actin filaments shorten
B) Myosin filaments shorten D) Z-line disappears
When calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum they bind with ________ during muscle
contraction: (2012)
A) Tropomyosin C) Cytosol’s ions
B) Sarcotemma D) Troponin
The calcium ions released during a muscle fiber contraction attach with: (2011)
A) Myosin C) Tropomyosin
B) Actin D) Troponin
The calcium ions released during a muscle fibre contraction attach with: (2013)
A) Troponin C) Actin
B) Myosin D) Tropomyosin
Where can we find H-zone in the figure of fine structure for skeletal muscle’s myofibril? (2013)
A) In the mid of “A-band”. C) Besides the “Z-line”
B) In “I-band”. D) Along the “I-band”.
According to sliding filament theory, when muscle fibers are stimulated by nervous system, which of the
following changes occurs? (2015)
A) I-bands shorten C) Z-lines move further apart
B) H-zone becomes more visible D) A-bands broaden
 Past papers SLIDING FILAMENT MODEL
Which one of the following change occurs when skeletal muscle contracts? (2017)
A) I-band shortens only
B) A-band shortens and Z line moves farther apart
C) I-band shortens and Z lines get closer
D) Actin filament contracts
Over lapping of thick filament occurs in: (2017-Retake)
A) A Band C) M line
B) I BandD) Z line
The thin filaments of muscles contain ---------- chains of actin molecules: (2019)
A) Two C) Three
B) One D) four
The thick filaments in a myofibril of muscles are made of ---------------: (2019)
A) Myoglobin C) actin
B) Myosin D) haemoglobin
The function of calcium ion in muscle contraction is to: (2019)
A) Polarize visible light C) bind to troponin molecule and cause them to move
B) Aid in the transmission of nerve impulse D) bind to tropomyosin molecule and cause them to form cross
bridges
 
SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION

When more energy is required in muscle contraction then that energy can also be produced by
_________ as a secondary source: (2014)
A) Glucose C) Fructose
B) Phosphocreatin D) Lactic acid
Revise
Cellular respiration is only about 40% efficient

About 60% of the energy found in a glucose is lost as heat

during cellular respiration

Muscle contraction generates heat because muscles use

large amounts of nutrients to make ATP, generating large
amounts of heat

Heat is used to maintain body temperature

2020 MCQS

Which one of the following muscles are considered as “Voluntary Muscles”?

A) Smooth muscles C) Skeletal muscles
B) Cardiac muscles D) Glandular muscles
Which one of the following are “myogenic” type of muscles?
A) Glandular muscles C) Skeleton muscles
B) Cardiac muscles D) Smooth muscles
What do we call the cell surface membrane of a muscle fibre?
A) Sarcolemma C) Sarcoplasm
B) Plasma membrane D) Myofibrils
Any question
Thanks