LESSON 5 Skeletal System 20 21

Skeletal System
10/15/2021 SKELETAL SYSTEM 1

Introduction to Skeletal
System
• Human skeleton is initially cartilage and fibrous membranes
• By age 25 the skeleton is completely hardened
• 206 bones make up the adult skeleton (20% of body mass)
• 80 bones of the axial skeleton
• 126 bones of the appendicular skeleton
•The organs of the skeletal system include the bones and

structures that connect bones to other structures including
ligaments, tendons, and cartilages.
The Skeletal System
· Parts of the skeletal system
·Bones (skeleton)
·Joints
·Cartilages
·Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to
muscle)
· Divided into two divisions
·Axial skeleton
·Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
What are the 5
Functions of the
Skeletal System?
Muscle attached to bones!! 1. Movement: Skeletal system
provides points of
attachment for muscles.
Your legs and arms move
when the muscles pull on
the bones.
2. Support: The backbone is

the main support center for
the upper body. It holds your
head up and protects your
spinal cord.

What are the 5
Functions of the
Skeletal System?
3. Protection: The bones of
your skull protect your
brain. Your ribs protect
your lungs and heart from
injury.
4. Makes Blood: Red and

white blood cells are
formed by tissue called
marrow, which is in the
10/15/2021 SKELETAL SYSTEM
center of the bone. 5
What are the 5
Functions of the
Skeletal System?
5. Storage: Bones
store minerals, such
as calcium and
phosphorus, for use
by the body

Bones of the Human Body
· The skeleton has 206 bones
· Two basic types of bone tissue
·Compact bone
·Homogeneous
·Spongy bone
·Small needle-like
pieces of bone
·Many open spaces Figure 5.2b

Classification of Bones on the
Basis of Shape

Classification of Bones
· Long bones
·Typically longer than wide
·Have a shaft with heads at both ends
·Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus

· Short bones
·Generally cube-shape
·Contain mostly spongy bone
·Examples: Carpals, tarsals

· Flat bones
·Thin and flattened
·Usually curved
·Thin layers of compact bone around a layer
of spongy bone
·Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

· Irregular bones
·Irregular shape
·Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
·Example: Vertebrae and hip

Bone Growth
· Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long

bone during childhood
·New cartilage is continuously formed
·Older cartilage becomes ossified
·Cartilage is broken down
·Bone replaces cartilage

Bone Growth
· Bones are remodeled and lengthened

until growth stops
·Bones change shape somewhat
·Bones grow in width

Long Bone Formation and Growth

Bone Fractures
· A break in a bone
· Types of bone fractures
·Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
·Open (compound) fracture – broken bone
penetrates through the skin
· Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
·Realignment of the bone
Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
Repair of Bone Fractures
· Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is
formed
· Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to
form a callus
· Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a
bony callus
· Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture
Figure 5.5

What are the Two ► Axial Skeleton:
Major Skeletal System The axial skeleton
Parts? includes the skull,
spine, ribs and
sternum.
► Appendicular
Skeleton: The
appendicular
skeleton includes
the appendages of
the body, which are
the shoulders, 20
The Axial Skeleton

The Skull
· Two sets of bones

·Cranium
·Facial bones
· Bones are joined by sutures
· Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint

The Skull

Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
Paranasal Sinuses
· Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10
Paranasal Sinuses
· Functions of paranasal sinuses
·Lighten the skull
·Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10
The Hyoid Bone
· The only bone that

does not articulate
with another bone
· Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue
10/15/2021 Figure 5.12

SKELETAL SYSTEM 29
The Vertebral Column
· Vertebrae
separated by
intervertebral discs
· The spine has a
normal curvature
· Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location Figure 5.14
Vertebral Column or Spinal Cord
1) The cervical region (neck bones)

2) The thorasic region (what the ribs attach to)
3) The lumbar region (the lower part of the back)

Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Figure 5.16
Coccyx and Sacrum

The Bony Thorax
· Forms a
cage to
protect
major
organs
Figure 5.19a
The Bony Thorax
· Made-up of
three parts
·Sternum
·Ribs
·Thoracic
vertebrae
Figure 5.19a
The Appendicular Skeleton
· Limbs (appendages)
· Pectoral girdle
· Pelvic girdle

· Limbs (appendages)
· Pectoral girdle
· Pelvic girdle

10/15/2021 Figure 5.6c SKELETAL SYSTEM 38

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
· Composed of two bones

·Clavicle – collarbone
·Scapula – shoulder blade
· These bones allow the upper limb to
have exceptionally free movement

Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
10/15/2021 Figure 5.20a, b SKELETAL SYSTEM 40

Clavicle or Collarbone
► The clavicle, or collar bone, holds the shoulder joint away
from the rest of the upper body and is only as thick as your
little finger.

Scapula
► The scapula is located on the back side of the ribcage and
helps provide part of the shoulder joint and movement for
the arms.

Bones of the Upper Limb
· The arm is
formed by a
single bone
·Humerus

Figure 5.21a, b 43
• The forearm
has two bones
Ulna
Radius

Figure 5.21c 44
Radius and Ulna
► Radius on Top
► Ulna on Bottom

· The hand
·Carpals – wrist
·Metacarpals –
palm
·Phalanges –
fingers

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
· Hip bones
· Composed of three pair of fused bones
· Ilium
· Ischium
· Pubic bone
· The total weight of the upper body rests on the
pelvis
· Protects several organs
· Reproductive organs
· Urinary bladder
· Part of the large intestine
The Pelvis

Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Figure 5.23c
Bones of the Lower Limbs
· The thigh has

one bone
·Femur – thigh
bone

· The leg has

two bones
·Tibia
·Fibula

· The foot
·Tarsus – ankle
·Metatarsals –
sole
·Phalanges –
toes
Figure 5.25
• A joint is a place
What are
where two bones
Joints? come together.
• Joints allow the

bones to move in
different ways.
• Two types of joints:

• Immovable
• Movable

What are • A joint that
Immovable allows little or
Joints? no movement

• Most of the joint are
What are movable joints.
• Allow the body to move
Movable Joints? in a wide range of
movements.
• Bones in movable
joints are held together
by strong connective
tissue called
ligaments.
• Four types of movable
joints:
• Hinge
• Ball-and-socket
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• Pivot
SKELETAL SYSTEM 55
• Gliding
► Round end of bone
What is a fitting snuggly within
another bone.
Ball-and-  Ex. Shoulder and
Socket Joint? Hip
► Allows the greatest
range of motion.
 The ball-and-socket
joint allows you to
swing your arm
freely in a circle.

► Movement in one
What is a direction like a door.
Hinge Joint?  Ex. Knee and Elbow
► Allows forward or
backward motion.

► Bone resting atop
another bone permitting
What is a Pivot free movement.
Joint?  Ex. Neck, Wrist and
Ankles
► Allows one bone to
rotate around another.
 Allows you to turn your
head

► Allows one bone to
What is a Gliding slide over another.
Joint?  Ex. Knuckles,
wrist, ankle
► Allows your to
bend and flex as
well as make
limited side to side
motions.

►Connects bone to
What is a bone.
Ligament?

►Attaches
What is a muscles to
Tendon? bones.

Bone Growth: Building Better
Bones
► Teach healthy behaviors
 Bone-healthy diet with calcium and vitamin
D
 Bone-health exercises
 Weight-bearing
 Strength training
 Bone-healthy lifestyle
 Avoid smoking
 Avoid alcohol

Bone Growth (cont.)
► Bone tests
 Bone density
 Bone scans
 Diagnose causes of
 Bone pain
 Arthritis
 Bone infections
 Bone cancers

Common Diseases and
Disorders
► Arthritis – general term meaning joint
inflammation
 Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint
disease, primarily of weight-bearing joints
 Rheumatoid Arthritis – chronic systemic

inflammatory disease of smaller joints and
surrounding tissues

Common Diseases and
Disorders (cont.)
► Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa (fluid-filled
sac that cushions tendons)
► Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – overuse of

wrist; the median nerve in the wrist becomes
compressed
► Ewing’s Family of Tumors (EFT) – a group of

tumors that affect different tissue types;
primarily bone
► Gout – a type of arthritis; deposits of uric acid

Common Diseases and
Disorders (cont.)
► Kyphosis – abnormal curvature of the spine
(humpback)
► Lordosis – exaggerated inward curvature of

the lumbar spine (swayback)
► Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease
10/15/2021 ► Osteoporosis – a condition in which bones

SKELETAL SYSTEM 66
thin (become porous) over time

Common Diseases and
Disorders (cont.)
► Osteosarcoma – a type of bone cancer that
originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make
bony tissue
► Paget’s disease – causes bones to

enlarge and become deformed
and weak
► Scoliosis – an abnormal
10/15/2021 S-shaped curvature of the spine
SKELETAL SYSTEM 67
Rigid, the skeleton of
habit alone upholds
the human frame.
~ Virginia Woolf

► https://www.ncps-k12.org/cms/lib8/CT01903077/Centricity/
Domain/638/Skeletal%20Sy

LESSON 5 Skeletal System 20 21

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Skeletal System

10/15/2021 SKELETAL SYSTEM 1

•The organs of the skeletal system include the bones and

2. Support: The backbone is

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4. Makes Blood: Red and

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· Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long

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· Bones are remodeled and lengthened

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· Two sets of bones

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· The only bone that

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3) The lumbar region (the lower part of the back)

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· Composed of two bones

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· The thigh has

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· The leg has

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• Joints allow the

• Two types of joints:

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 Rheumatoid Arthritis – chronic systemic

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► Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – overuse of

► Ewing’s Family of Tumors (EFT) – a group of

► Gout – a type of arthritis; deposits of uric acid

► Lordosis – exaggerated inward curvature of

► Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease