Professional Documents
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Dr. Kar
Sept. 16, 2010, U of Windsor
Dr. Kar
23 Old Drama
Tel: 253-3000 (ext.4796)
Email: nkar@uwindsor.ca
Office Hour: Thursday, 12:00-2:00 pm
http://www.uwindsor.ca/users/n/nkar/88-514.nsf
Grading Policy:
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Project (20%)
Midterm Exam (30%)
Final Exam (45%)
Course Content
Midterm Exam:
Final Exam:
Term Projects
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Synchronous Machines
Construction
Working principles
Mathematical modeling
Operating characteristics
CONSTRUCTION
Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator
1. Most hydraulic turbines have to turn at low speeds
(between 50 and 300 r/min)
2. A large number of poles are required on the rotor
d-axis
N Non-
uniform air-
gap
D 10 m
q-axis S S
Turbin
e N
Hydro (water)
Hydrogenerator
Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator
Stator
l e ro to r
ent - p o
Sali
Cylindrical-Rotor Synchronous Generator
Stator
Cylindrical rotor
Damper Windings
Operation Principle
d-axis
Stator winding
N
Uniform air-gap
Stator
Rotor
Turbogenerator
PU System
Per unit system, a system of dimensionless parameters, is used for
computational convenience and for readily comparing the performance
of a set of transformers or a set of electrical machines.
Actual Quantity
PU Value
Base Quantity
Where ‘actual quantity’ is a value in volts, amperes, ohms, etc.
[VA]base and [V]base are chosen first.
VA base
I base
V base
Pbase Qbase S base VA base V base I base
V base V base
2
V base
2
Rbase X base Z base
I base S base VA base
I base
Ybase
V base
Z ohm
Z PU
Z base
Classical Model of Synchronous Generator
jXs jXl Ra
+
Ia
+
E Vt 0o
q-axis
E
IaXs
Vt
IaXl
IaRa
Ia
d-axis
The following are the parameters in per unit on machine rating of a 555
MVA, 24 kV, 0.9 p.f., 60 Hz, 3600 RPM generator
(a)When the generator is delivering rated MVA at 0.9 p. f. (lag) and rated
terminal voltage, compute the following:
The direct (d) axis is centered magnetically in the center of the north
pole
The quadrature axis (q) axis is 90o ahead of the d-axis
: angle between the d-axis and the axis of phase a
Machine parameters in abc can then be converted into d/q frame using
Mathematical equations for synchronous machines can be obtained
from the d- and q-axis equivalent circuits
Advantage: machine parameters vary with rotor position w.r.t. stator, ,
thus making analysis harder in the abc axis frame. Whereas, in the d/q
reference frame, parameters are constant with time or .
Disadvantage: only balanced systems can be analyzed using d/q-axis
system
d- and q-Axis Equivalent Circuits
Xfd Xl q Ra
Ifd Id
Ikd1 Imd
+ +
Rfd
pkd1 Rkd1
Xmd p d Vtd
+ pfd -
vfd Xkd1
- -
d-axis
Imd=-Id+Ifd+Ikd1
Xl d Ra Imq=-Iq+Ikq1
Iq
Ikq1 Imq
+
pkq1 Rkq1
Xmq pq Vtq
-
Xkq1
q-axis
Small disturbances in a power system
d X md X l id X md ikd1 X md i fd
kd 1 X md id X md X kd 1 ikd1 X md i fd
fd X md id X md ikd1 X md X fd i fd
q X mq X l iq X mq ikq1
kq1 X mq iq X mq X kq1 ikq1
Rearranged Flux Linkage equations
d X md X l X md X md id
X X md X kd1 X md i
kd1 md kd1
fd X md X md X md X fd i fd
q
X mq X l X mq
iq
kq1
X mq
X mq X kq1 ikq1
The Voltage Equations
1
p d vtd Ra id q
0
1
p kd1 Rkd1 ikd1
0
1
0
p fd v fd R fd i fd ……………..(1)
1
0
p q vtq Ra iq d
1
0
p kq1 Rkq1 ikq1
The Mechanical Equations
d
0
dt
d 0
Tm Te
dt 2 H ……………..(2)
where
Te d I q q I d
Linearized Form of the Machine Model
1 q0
d vtd Ra id q
0 0
1
kd 1 Rkd 1 ikd 1
0
1
fd v fd R fd i fd
0
1
q vtq Ra iq d d 0 ……………..(3)
0 0
1
kq1 Rkq1 ikq1
0
0
Tm Te
2H
Te d 0 I q I q 0 d q 0 I d I d 0 q
Terminal Voltage
1 q0
d Vt cos 0 Ra id q
0 0
1
kd 1 Rkd 1 ikd 1
0
1
fd v fd R fd i fd
0
1
q Vt sin 0 Ra iq d d 0 ……..(6)
0 0
1
kq1 Rkq1 ikq1
0
0
Tm Te
2H
Te d 0 I q I q 0 d q 0 I d I d 0 q
Rearranging the flux equations in a matrix form:
X S X R I B U
………………...…..(7)
where,
d
d
kd 1
kd 1 Id
fd
fd
I kd1
X v fd
X q q I I fd
U
Tm
kq1 I
kq1
q
I kq1
and…
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0Vt cos 0 q0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
S 0 0 0 0 0 0Vt sin 0 d 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 I q 0 0 I d 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
2H 2H 0
B 0 0
0 R fd 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0 Ra 0 0 0 0
2H
0 0 0 Rkd 1 0 0
R 0 0 0 0 Ra 0
0 0 0 0 0 Rkq1
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 q 0 0 d 0
0 0
2H 2H
Flux Linkage Equations (from the d- and q-axis equivalent circuits)
d X md X l X md X md 0 0 id
X X md X kd 1 X md 0 0 i
kd 1 md kd 1
fd X md X md X md X fd 0 0 i fd
X mq X l
q 0 0 0 X mq iq
kq1 0 0 0 X mq X mq X kq1 ikq1
d X md X l X md X md 0 0 id
X X md X kd 1 X md 0 0 i
kd 1 md kd 1
fd X md X md X md X fd 0 0 i fd
X mq X l
q 0 0 0 X mq iq
kq1 0 0 0 X mq X mq X kq1 ikq1
and thus,
id X md X l
1
X md X md 0 0 d
i X X md X kd1 X md 0 0
kd1 md kd1
i fd X md X md X md X fd 0 0 fd
X mq X l
iq 0 0 0 X mq q
ikq1 0 0 0 X mq X mq X kq1 kq1
d
X md X l X md X md 0 0 0 0 kd1
X
X md X kd1 X md 0 0 0 0 fd
md
X md X md X md X fd 0 0 0 0 q
X mq X l
0 0 0 X mq 0 0 kq1
X mq X kq1 0
0 0 0 X mq 0
d
kd1
fd
X reac q ………………………………………...(8)
1
kq1
d
id
i kd1
kd1 fd
I i fd X reac 1 q X reac 1 X : from (8)
iq kq1
ikq1
X S X R I B U
S X R X reac 1 X B U : inserting (8) into (7)
S R X reac
1
X B U
A X B U
where,
Vt
It
Generator
Infinite Bus
System State Matrix and Eigen Values
Eigen Values: 1 , 2 j
j
1
2
Eigen Values
1 , 2 0.15 j 2.0
Example:
3 0.0005