Group 10

Nguyễn Thị Hồng Quyên

Lê Bảo Huyền Trang
Nguyễn Thị Hòa An
Nguyễn Thị Xuân Hương
 Table of Contents

01 Reference Minigame
04

Reference and
03
02 inference 03 inference
Reference

01
 What is reference?

A reference is an act in which a speaker/ writer applies

linguistic forms to facilitate a listener/ reader to
understand or identify something.
Linguistic froms Referring expressions

Proper Definite Referring expression is a

noun noun piece of language that is
used AS IF is it linked to
something outside
language, some living or
Indefinit Pronoun
e nouns s
deed entity or concept or
group of entities or
concepts.
 Referring Expressing can be

1.Proper noun 2.Definite noun

Taylor Swift New York The doctor The street

 Referring Expressing can be

3.Indefinite nouns 4.Pronouns

A man A beautiful place It He , him

 Referent

 A referent is an object or an entity in the real

world or in the world of your imagination.
Ex: Your school.
 Several words, especially the so-called function
words have no obvious referents: the, could, in,
since, and, etc.
 Types of Reference

Co-reference Endophora Exphora

 Co-reference

CO-REFERENCE is a type of textual or syntactic

semantic connectivity when two or more nominal
groups name the same object (referent)

Ex: You said you would come

Endophora

Linguistic elements that are present

in the linguistic text itself.
 Endophora

Anaphora Cataphora

A type of reference that is analyzed by A type of reference that is analyzed

going “backward” in the text. by going “ forward” in the referent.

EX: The puppy started struggling and Ex: After he had received his orders, the
shaking and the boy got really wet. When soldier left the barracks.
he let go, it jumped out of the bath and ran
away.
Exophora

Exophora is the reference to an

expression directly to an extra
linguistic referent.
 Exophora
Deixis
Deixis as a term for a word or phrase
which directly relates an utterance
to a time, place, or person(s).
Ex: I’m busy now so you can’t stay here.
Come back later.
Homophora
Homophora is a subcategory of
exophora. Homophora is the use of a
referring expression which gains its
interpretation from the shared cultural
knowledge of the participants in the
conversational exchange.
EX: The use of the baby between parents
to refer to their own baby
Inference

01
 What are Inferences?

Inferring is connecting prior knowledge to text-based

information to create meaning beyond what is directly
stated.
Inference EX:
Where’s the spinach salad sitting?

Additional information used by the The guest who orders spinach salad

listener to create a connection

between what is said and what must
be meant.
The role of inferen
ce
Allow the listener
to identify correctl
particular entity the y which
speaker is referring
and the speaker can to
use vague expressi
the relying on the l ons
istener's ability to in
fer the
referent.
Reference and
inference
 There-dimensional
diagram

 Speakers----- reference-----intention
 Listener----- inference---- interpretation
 Sense---- reference----- referent
 Word ------ meaning---- entity
 Reference and inference

Reference Inference

 ‘ I enjoy listening to Mozart’

 ‘ Mr. Kawasaki’  The hearer has to infer that the
 Used to refer to a man who name of Musician ‘Mozart’ can be
always rode loud and fast in used to identify Song.
his motorcycle.
 A brand name is used to
refer to a person
 Referential Name and
and referent
attributive use
In the scope
Reference and
inference
The role of Anaphoric
co-text reference
Referential and attributive use
Definition

s ca ll e d a n a tt r ib u t iv e
This is sometime e r fi t s t he
Example o e v e r /w h a te v
use, meaning ‘wh
description’. r e ntial
- There’s a man waiting for you. is ti n c t f ro m a r e fe
It would be d
- He wants to marry a woman with
pe c if ic p e r s on is r efe rred to,
use: a s e other
lots of money. h is /h e r n a m e o r s o m
although
d.
description is not use
 Name and Referent

- Pragmatic connection between proper names and

objects
- It is a convention between all members of a community
who share a common language/ culture.

EX: A: Can I borrow your Shakespeare?

B: Yeah, it’s over there on the table.
 The role of co-text
m a te ri a l o f th e en v ir o nment
 Linguistic is u sed
e rr in g e x p re ss io n
in which a ref
w o rd s a c c o m p a n y in g referring
 The
expression ble
th e ra n g e o f th e p o s si
 It limits
EX: interpretation.
- Brazil wins the World Cup. ic a l e n v ir o n m e n t o r ( speech)
 It is a phys
- The cheese sandwich is made with conventions
white bread. on v e n ti o n m a y d iffe r from one
 The c
- The cheese sandwich left without social group to another. s o cial
paying e re n c e is a ls o a b o u t
 Thus, ref
action.
 Anaphoric reference

Anaphoric reference occurs

Anaphoric reference often
when a word or phrase refers to
makes use of the definite
something mentioned earlier in
article.
the discourse.
Ex: He sat down at the table
Ex: Michael went to the bank.
and took a small box from his
He was annoyed because it was
pocket. The object felt heavy
closed.
in his hands. Inside it was the
key to his future.
He refers to Michael.
it refers to the bank.
Minigame
 
 2 3

1 5 4

6 7 8
9

10
Question 1: reading and finding the right answer to
the underfoot sentence
Mrs. Jones explained to her niece Fiona that she couldn't poison the
neighbor's barking dog no matter how much she needed her beauty
sleep.
A.
A Fix the underlined portion like this: ... Fiona, "You can't poison
the neighbor's barking dog no matter how much you need your
beauty sleep."
B. Fix the underlined portion like this: ... Fiona, "She couldn't poison
the neighbor's barking dog no matter how much she needed her
beauty sleep."
C.Fix the underlined portion like this: ... Fiona "that she couldn't
poison the neighbor's barking dog no matter how much she needed
her beauty sleep."
Question 2: read the following sentence, and choose
the right answers

The woman in the car parked in the store parking

lot kept looking at her watch and then at the
entrance of the store.
What is the woman doing?
A.Waiting for a friend.
B.Waiting
B for the store to open.
C.Waiting to be picked up.
Question 3:choose the right answer to the word
underfoot

My friend Harold, who had Mr. Byrnes last semester for

US Government, never received an A on an essay. They
say that Mr. Byrnes has absolutely no patience for
grammar errors of any kind.
A.Change who to which.
B.Change
B They to Other students.
C.Change Mr. Byrnes to he.
D.No change is necessary.
Question 4: read the following sentence, and fulfill the
appropriate answer

Mom was looking everywhere - in the bottom of

her purse, in the pocket of her sweater, on the
kitchen counter-top. She realized she could not go
anywhere until she found them.
What is mom looking for?
A.
A Her keys
B. Her cell phone
C. Her wallet
Question 5 ： find the right answer to bold words

No matter whether it is young or old, large or small,

traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a
family is.
it refers to ____________
A. young or old B. large or small
C. sense C
C .family
Question 6 ： fill out the missing word into the
tripoint

When making an inference, the most important thing

is....
A. What you know about the topic
B.The topic of the text
C Being able to prove your inference using evidence
C.
from the text.
D.The characters in the text
Question 7 ： fill out the missing word into the
tripoint

Joseph and Caitlin were choosing the players for their teams.
It was Caitlin's turn to choose, and only Jason was left.
Caitlin said, "Jason."
We can infer that…
A. Jason was the best player
B. Caitlin wanted Jason on her team
C Jason was not a very good player
C.
D. Caitlin had a hard time choosing a team member
Quetstion 8 ： fill out the missing word into
the tripoint

The group of women walked out of the dark

room. A few of them were carrying tissues. As
they exited into the bright sunlight, two of them
had to put on their sunglasses.
What can you infer about where the women are?

A.Leaving school
B.Leaving a concert
C.Leaving
C a movie theater
Question 9 ： choose the right word to fill in
the bank

Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and

narrows the airways. _______ causes recurring
periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you
breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and
coughing.
A. He B. She
C.It D.
D They
Question 10 ： choose the right word to fill in
the bank

An inference is...
A. Retelling a text.
B Text evidence + what you know
B..
C. Making a guess without evidence.
D. Information written directly into the
text.