JAVA 1

INTRODUCTION
TO COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
Instructions
⬡ Prepare yellow pad papers where
you would write all your outputs for
this module.
⬡ Do not forget to label your works
properly corresponding to the title
of each activity. Do not forget to
write your name, section and the
date of first entry.
⬡ Make sure to clip/staple your works so
that they will not easily be separated.
It is advised to take down notes about
the important information from each
lesson because of the modules will be
returned at the end of every week.
Please do not write anything on
module.
2
“ Today, almost all of us in the world make use of computers in
one way or the other. It finds applications in various fields of
engineering, medicine, commercial, research and others. Not
only in these sophisticated areas, but also in our daily lives,
computers have become indispensable. They are present
everywhere, in all the devices that we use daily like cars,
games, washing machines, microwaves etc. and in day to day
computations like banking, reservations, electronic mails,
internet and many more.

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WHAT IS COMPUTER?
⬡ A computer is an electronic, programmable
device that can process, store and retrieve
and controls data or "information." It can
store, recover, and process information.
⬡ Charles Babbage is considered to be the
Father of Computer
⬡ Lady Ada is the first computer programmer

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GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

FIRST GENERATION SECOND GENERATION THIRD GENERATION FOURTH GENERATION FIFTH GENERATION

VACUUM TUBES TRANSISTORS INTEGRATED MICROPROCESSORS ARTIFICIAL

(1940 – 1956) (1956 – 1963) CIRCUITS (1971 – PRESENT) INTELLIGENCE
(1964 – 1971)
The primary PC The transistor was Rather than punched
The Intel 4004 (PRESENT –
BEYOND)
frameworks far better than the cards and printouts, chip, created in
clients communicated Fifth era figuring
utilized vacuum vacuum tube, 1971, found all gadgets, in view of
with third era PCs
tubes for permitting PCs to through consoles and the parts of the artificial intelligence,
hardware and decrease, quicker, screens and interfaced PC—from the are still being
attractive drums less expensive, with a working developed, however
framework, which focal preparing
for memory, and more vitality there are a few
permitted the gadget to unit and memory applications, for
were frequently productive, and run a wide range of
utilizations one after
to enter/yield example, voice
gigantic, more solid than
another with a focal controls—on a acknowledgment, that
occupying whole their original program that observed are being utilized
ancestors. solitary chip.
spaces. the memory. today
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Activity 1: DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTER

1. Desktop Computer

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 COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
⬡ Computer programming is the
process of designing and building an
executable computer program for
accomplishing a specific computing
task.

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TYPES OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING

1.
Machine and Assembly
Languages
• It is a low – level programming
language.
• It implements a symbolic representation of
the machine code.
 TYPES OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING

2.
Algorithmic Languages
• are used to design mathematical or
symbolic computations.
• are used to express algebraic
operations.
 TYPES OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING

3.
Business – Oriented
Languages
• a high-level programming language
that is used for business applications.

• It is used to design the operating system agnostic and in

many business applications today.
 TYPES OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING

4.
Education – Oriented
Languages
• are some Education-oriented
languages like BASIC, Pascal, Logo
etc.
 TYPES OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING

5.
Scripting
Languages
• can be defined as a programming
language is used for integrating and
communicating with other
programming languages
 TYPES OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING

6.
Document – Formatting
Languages
• used to specify the organization of
printed text and graphics.
 TYPES OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING

7.
Declarative Languages
• is a very high-level programming
languages. It is also known as the
non-procedural programming
language.
TYPES OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING

8.
Object – Oriented
Languages
• is a computer programming
language that revolves around the
concept of an object.
COMPUTER
PROGRAMMER
⬡ creates the code for software
applications and operating systems.

⬡ After a software developer designs a computer

program, the programmer writes code that
converts that design into a set of instructions a
computer can follow.
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MOST POPULAR TYPES OF PROGRAMMING
PROGRAMMER DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
  The system programmer installs, customizes, and maintains  CAD Engineer
 System Programmers the operating system, and also installs or upgrades products  System Engineers
that run on the system.  DevOps Developer
 Software Developer

  A web developer is a programmer who engaged in, the  Frontend Developer

  development of World Wide Web applications, or applications  Backend Developer
 Web Programmers that are run over HTTP, CSS OR HTML from a web server to a  Full – stack Web Developer
web browser.

  A game programmer is a programmer who develops codebases  Game Designer

  for video games or related software, such as game  Audio Engineer
development tools. Game programming has many specialized  Game Developer
Game Programmers disciplines, all of which fall under the “game programmer”.  Animators (Games)

  The application programmer is a programmer who is  SDE1

  responsible for designing and testing program logic, coding  SDE2
Application Programmers programs, program documentation and preparation of  Software Engineer
programs for computer operations.

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 O M PUT ER
1. •
FITS O F C
Gathering Information
Y 2 : BE NE
ACTIVIT
2.

3.

4.

5.

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 COMPUTER
HARDWARE
⬡ Computer Hardware is the collection
of physical elements that constitutes a
computer system.

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EXAMPLES OF HARDWARE
1. CPU

2. MONITOR

3. MOUSE

4. KEYBOARD

5. SYSTEM UNIT
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Computer hardware can be grouped into three groups
according to their functionalities. They are:

CPU

MEMORY

I/O DEVICES

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  Central Processing Unit (CPU) is responsible for execute given
instructions. It is the brain that does arithmetic and logic processing, as
well as control other hardware coordination.
CPU

PARTS OF CPU

Executes all C o ntro ls an d c o -o rd in ate s co mpu te r c omp o ne nts.

1. Read t he code for the next inst ruction to be executed.

Executesand
arithmetic all 2. Increment the program counter so it points to t he next instruct ion.
C3.o ntro
Readlswhatever
an d c o
1.4.Read
-o rd
data thein
t he code
P rovide
ate s corequires
instruction mpu tefrom
for the nextdata
the necessary
r c omp
instto
cells oinne
ruction
nts.
memory
to be
an A LU or executed.
register.

arithmetic and
2. Increment the program
5. If the i nstruction requicounter so it points
res an ALU to t he next
or specialized instruct to
hardware ion.

logical operations. 3.complete,

Read whatever
inst ructdata
the hardware
the instruction
t o perform
requires
thefrom
requested
4. P rovide the necessary data to an A LU or register.
cells operat

5. If the i nstruction requi res an ALU or specialized hardware to

in memory
ion.

logical operations. complete, inst ruct the hardware t o perform the requested operat ion.

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT CONTROL UNIT

(ALU) (CU)

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  Memory is responsible for storing data and
MEMORY
program.

2 TYPES OF MEMORY

MAIN MEMORY
a temporary storage used
for storing instructions and
data currently in use.
SECONDARY STORAGE
This type of storage is used for
storing data that is wished to be
remembered permanently, or at
least, longer than the one stored
in the main memory.

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  I/O is abbreviated for Input/Output

I/O DEVICES

 INPUT DEVICES - are responsible for taking data or information

into computer systems.

 OUTPUT DEVICES - are responsible for providing data or

information to the outside world.

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ACTIVITY 3: EXAMPLES OF INPUT/OUTPUT
DEVICES

INPUT OUTPUT

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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SOFTWARE
⬡ Software is a set of instructions that is
used for controlling computer
hardware.

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 2 TYPES OF SOFTWARE

 SYSTEM SOFTWARES
 APPLICATION SOFTWARES

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SYSTEM
SOFTWARES
⬡ System Software is a computer software designed to operate the
computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application
software.
⬡ responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the individual
hardware components of a computer system so that other software and
the users of the system see it as a functional unit without having to be
concerned with the low-level details such as transferring data from
memory to disk, or rendering text onto a display.
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EXAMPLES OF SYSTEM
SOFTWARES

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APPLICATION
SOFTWARES
⬡ Application Software is used to accomplish specific tasks other than
just running the computer system.

⬡ responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the individual hardware

components of a computer system so that other software and the users of the
system see it as a functional unit without having to be concerned with the low-
level details such as transferring data from memory to disk, or rendering text
onto a display.
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EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION
SOFTWARES

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 BINARY
REPRESENTATION
OF DATA
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BINARY REPRESENTATION OF DATA
⬡ In today's computer systems, places where data as well as programs can be
stored are manufactured in various ways. However, what is common to most of
them is the fact that, logically, they are designed to hold a long sequence of
"blocks" where each of the blocks, when ready, can be in either one of two
different states. We call each one of these blocks as a bit and we usually refer to
the two different states as the state '0' and the state '1'. In other words, we say
that each bit takes a binary value which can be either 0 or 1. Different
combinations of the binary values associated with a bit sequence are used to
represent different values stored in the location corresponding to those bits. The
amount of eight bits is called one byte. The capacity of computer storage is
measured in numbers of bits or numbers of bytes.

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EXAMPLE OF BINARY
REPRESENTATION OF 1 – BYTE DATA

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THE POWER OF TWO
⬡ Since computers represent all data and instructions in binary formats,
we usually run into cases when the value of 2n, where n is a positive
integer, is needed. For example, we might want to calculate how many
different values can be stored in n bits of memory. Being familiar with
the values of 2n where n is a small positive integer can help us come
up with answers to some questions arising when we design our
programs more quickly. Adept programmers, computer scientists, and
other computer – related professionals use these numbers so often that
they can naturally tell their values without having to pause and
calculate.

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The following table lists the values of 2n from n being 0 to n
being 11. It is not much of a burden to memorize these
values.

VALUES OF 2n

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DATA STORAGE UNITS OF
MEASUREMENTS

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Storage measurements
⬡ The basic unit used in computer data storage is called a bit (binary
digit). Computers use these little bits, which are composed of ones
and zeros, to do things and talk to other computers. All your files,
for instance, are kept in the computer as binary files and translated
into words and pictures by the software (which is also ones and
zeros). This two number system, is called a “binary number
system” since it has only two numbers in it. The decimal number
system in contrast has ten unique digits, zero through nine.

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Computer Storage Units

Computer Storage Units (Simplest Form)

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Size Example
⬡ 1 bit – 0 or 1 / True/False / On/Off
⬡ 1 byte - a number from 0 to 255.
⬡ 90 bytes: enough to store a typical line of text from a book.
⬡ 4 KB: about one page of text.
⬡ 120 KB: the text of a typical pocket book.
⬡ 3 MB - a three minute song (128k bitrate)
⬡ 650-900 MB - CD-ROM
⬡ 1 GB -114 minutes of uncompressed CD-quality audio at 1.4 Mbit/s
⬡ 8-16 GB - size of a normal flash drive.
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SPEED MEASUREMENT
⬡ The speed of Central Processing Unit (CPU)
is measured by Hertz (Hz), which represent a
CPU cycle. The speed of CPU is known as
Computer Speed.

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DATA, INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE
⬡ DATA - Facts and figures which relay
something specific, but which are not
organized in any way and which provide no
further information regarding patterns,
context, etc. So data means "unstructured
facts and figures that have the least impact
on the typical manager."

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DATA, INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE
⬡ INFORMATION - For data to become information,
it must be contextualized, categorized, calculated
and condensed. Information thus paints a bigger
picture; it is data with relevance and purpose. It may
convey a trend in the environment, or perhaps
indicate a pattern of sales for a given period of time.
Essentially information is found "in answers to
questions that begin with such words as who, what,
where, when, and how many".

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DATA, INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE
⬡ KNOWLEDGE - Knowledge is closely linked to
doing and implies know-how and understanding.
The knowledge possessed by each individual is a
product of his experience, and encompasses the
norms by which he evaluates new inputs from his
surroundings.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
CHARACTERISTIC DESCRIPTION
The computer can process data very fast, at the rate of millions of
instructions per second. Some calculations that would have taken hours
SPEED
and days to complete otherwise, can be completed in a few seconds using
the computer.
Computer provides a high degree of accuracy. For example, the computer
ACCURACY can accurately give the result of division of any two numbers up to 10
decimal places.
: When used for a longer period of time, the computer does not get tired or
DILIGENCE fatigued. It can perform long and complex calculations with the same speed
and accuracy from the start till the end.
Large volumes of data and information can be stored in the computer and
STORAGE also retrieved whenever required. A limited amount of data can be stored,
CAPABILITY temporarily, in the primary memory. Secondary storage devices like floppy
disk and compact disk can store a large amount of data permanently.
Computer is versatile in nature. It can perform different types of tasks with
the same ease. At one moment you can use the computer to prepare a
VERSATILITY
letter document and in the next moment you may play music or print a
document
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Thanks!
Any questions?

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ACTIVITIES

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