FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills

Citations & References

Word of the Day

When talking about using citation and references for your essay,
remember this word:

integrity [n.]
the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles

Example: A person of academic integrity avoids

cheating or plagiarism.

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 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Citations & References

FENG 0134 Writing & Research Skills

© Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019

 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Plagiarism issues
The Importance of Citation
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 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

What is plagiarism?
• According to Cottrell (2008), plagiarism is defined as “using the
work of others without acknowledging your source of
information or inspiration” (p. 128).
• In other words, plagiarism is stealing someone else’s ideas
and passing them off as your own.
• Plagiarism happens more commonly than you might imagine.

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 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Types of plagiarism
According to Hamp-Lyons & Courter (1984, pp. 161-166), there
are four types of plagiarism:
•outright copying
•paraphrase plagiarism
•patchwork plagiarism
•stealing an apt term

Based on Hamp-Lyons, L. & Courter, K. B. (1984). Research matters. Newbury House.

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 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Types of plagiarism
Outright copying
•Using exactly the same words as the original author without
using quotation marks or saying where the words are from
•The following is an example of outright copying.

Taken from Gillett, A. (n.d.). Academic writing: Avoiding plagiarism. http://www.uefap.com/writing/

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 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Types of plagiarism
Original Text
You have to tread quite a fine line between being accused, on the
one hand, of not making enough use of the writers you have
been reading on the course, and, on the other, of having followed
them too slavishly, to the point of plagiarising them. One of your
early tasks as a student is to get a feel for how to strike the right
balance.
(Northedge, 1990, p. 190)

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 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Types of plagiarism
Student’s Text
You have to tread quite a fine line between being
accused, on the one hand, of not making enough use of
the writers you have been reading on the course, and, on
the other, of having followed them too slavishly, to the
point of plagiarising them. One of your early tasks as a
student is to get a feel for how to strike the right balance.

© Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019

 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Types of plagiarism
Paraphrase plagiarism
•Changing some of the words and grammar but leaving most
of the original text the same
•The following is an example of paraphrase plagiarism.

Taken from Gillett, A. (n.d.). Academic writing: Avoiding plagiarism. http://www.uefap.com/writing/

© Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019

 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Types of plagiarism
Original Text
You have to tread quite a fine line between being accused, on the
one hand, of not making enough use of the writers you have
been reading on the course, and, on the other, of having followed
them too slavishly, to the point of plagiarising them. One of your
early tasks as a student is to get a feel for how to strike the right
balance.
(Northedge, 1990, p. 190)

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 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Types of plagiarism
Student’s Text
You must be careful of being blamed for not using the information
you have
you have read
read on
on your
your course,
course, and,
and, in
in contrast,
contrast, of
of having
having used
used
the information
the information too
too much
much so so that
that itit looks
looks like
like you
you have
have
plagiarised. One of your first jobs as a student is to learn how to
plagiarised. One of your first jobs as a student is to learn how to
balance these two extremes.
balance these two extremes.

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 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Types of plagiarism
Patchwork plagiarism
•Using parts of the original author’s words and connecting
them together in a different way
•The following is an example of patchwork plagiarism.

Taken from Gillett, A. (n.d.). Academic writing: Avoiding plagiarism. http://www.uefap.com/writing/

© Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019

 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Types of plagiarism
Original Text
You have to tread quite a fine line between being accused, on the
one hand, of not making enough use of the writers you have
been reading on the course, and, on the other, of having followed
them too slavishly, to the point of plagiarising them. One of your
early tasks as a student is to get a feel for how to strike the right
balance.
(Northedge, 1990, p. 190)

© Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019

 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Types of plagiarism
Student’s Text
When you are writing you need to be careful to use the
information
information you
you have
have read
read well.
well. At
At one
one extreme
extreme you
you may be
may be
blamed
blamed for
for not
not making
making enough
enough use
use of
of the
the writers
writers you
you have
have been
been
reading on the course. While at the other extreme, you may be
reading on the course. While at the other extreme, you may be
accused of having followed them too slavishly, to the point of
accused of them.
plagiarising havingEarly
followed them
on as too slavishly,
a student you needto the point of
to balance
plagiarising
these them. Early on as a student you need to balance
two extremes.
these two extremes.

© Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019

 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Types of plagiarism
Stealing an apt term
•Using a short phrase from the original text, possibly because
it is too good to be rephrased any other way
•The following is an example of paraphrase plagiarism.

Taken from Gillett, A. (n.d.). Academic writing: Avoiding plagiarism. http://www.uefap.com/writing/

© Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019

 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Types of plagiarism
Original Text
You have to tread quite a fine line between being accused, on the
one hand, of not making enough use of the writers you have
been reading on the course, and, on the other, of having followed
them too slavishly, to the point of plagiarising them. One of your
early tasks as a student is to get a feel for how to strike the right
balance.
(Northedge, 1990, p. 190)

© Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019

 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Types of plagiarism
Student’s Text
When you are writing you need to be careful to use the
information
information youyou have
have read
read well.
well. However,
However, there
there is
is a
a difficult
difficult area
area
here
here because,
because, as as aa student,
student, when
when youyou are
are doing
doing assignments,
assignments,
you need to use what you have read or been taught in your
you need to use what you have read or been taught in your
lectures. It is important, however, not to make too much use of
lectures. It is important, however, not to make too much
this information or you may be accused of having followed them use of
this slavishly.
too informationEarly
or you
on may be accused
in your life as aof student,
having followed
you need themto
too slavishly.
balance these Early on in your life as a student, you need to
two extremes.
balance these two extremes.

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 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Why are references needed?

According to Cottrell (2008), 5 main reasons:
1. Acknowledging a source is a courtesy to the person whose ideas or
words you have used or referred to.
2. By giving the source you make it clear to the reader that you are not
trying to plagiarise.
3. The source helps your readers to find the original texts or
webpages to read themselves, should they wish.
4. If you need to check something later, the reference will help you find it
again more easily.
5. People will have more confidence in your assertions if they know
where your information comes from. Thoroughness in referencing
suggests that you will also have been thorough in checking your
facts.
© Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019
Taken from Cottrell, S. (2008). Palgrave study skills: The study skills handbook (3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

How to Do Citations
Part 2

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 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Citing Sources– reminder

Citation has two equally important components:
•in-text (or parenthetical) citation used in the essay
paragraphs.
•a References list on a separate page at the end of the essay,
which alphabetically lists all the sources used in the essay.
You CANNOT have one without the other – each in-text citation
MUST link to an entry in the reference list at the end

Taken from Chin, P., Reid, S., Wray, S., & Yamazaki, Y. (2013). Citing sources. In Academic
writing skills 3 (p. 89). Cambridge University Press.
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 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

In-text citation
APA Style Citation

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 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

In-text Citation
• In-text citations are short, simple reference points for readers
to understand that the ideas put forward in a piece of writing are
not original, but in fact belong to someone else.
• They are like ‘links’ that lead the reader to find out the
complete reference details at the end of the essay.
• In general, the simple past and present perfect tenses are
used.

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 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

How to make In-Text Citations – reminder

Pattern 1
information from the source + (last name of author, + year
published + page number* in parentheses) + final punctuation

Pattern 2
author’s name in sentence text + (year published in parentheses)
+ information from the source + (page number in parentheses)*

Pattern 3
year published in sentence text + author’s name in sentence text
+ information from the source + (page number in parentheses)*
Taken from Chin, P., Reid, S., Wray, S., & Yamazaki, Y. (2013). Citing sources. In Academic
writing skills 3 (p. 90-91). Cambridge University Press.
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 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

In-Text Citations – page numbers

• p. = single page
• pp. = multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by a dash

Example
• There is “a growing concern about the students’ adherence to the
standards of academic integrity in universities” (Thompson, 2018, p.
19).
• There is “a growing concern about the students’ adherence to the
standards of academic integrity in universities” (Thompson, 2018, pp.
19 – 21).

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 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Citing an Author or Authors

• A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal
phrase or in the parentheses each time. Use the word “and”
between the authors’ names within the text and use the
ampersand (&) in the parentheses.
• Examples:
• Research by Wayne and Kent (2012) showed…
• (Wayne & Kent, 2012)

Taken from Purdue Online Writing Lab (2020).

In-text citations: Author/Authors.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html © Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019
 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Citing an Author or Authors

• A Work by Three or more Authors: Use only the first
author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the
first, unless doing so would create ambiguity between different
sources.
• In et al., et should not be followed by a period. Only "al" should
be followed by a period.
Examples:
• Research by Wayne et al. (2019) proved...
• (Wayne et al., 2019)

Taken from Purdue Online Writing Lab (2020).

In-text citations: Author/Authors.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html © Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019
 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Citing an Author or Authors

• Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the
source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or
two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are
italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in
quotation marks.
• Examples:
• (Finding Good Sources, 2018) – book
• (“Finding Good Sources,” 2018) – article

Taken from Purdue Online Writing Lab (2020).

In-text citations: Author/Authors.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html © Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019
 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Citing an Author or Authors

• Unknown date: If the work cited does not have a
publication/copyright date available, use n.d. where the date
should have been.
• Examples:
• Prince (n.d.) indicated...
• (Prince, n.d., p. 29)
• (Green, n.d.)

Taken from Purdue Online Writing Lab (2020). In-text citations: Author/Authors.
© Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html
 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Citing an Author or Authors

• Authors With the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use
first initials with the last names.
• Examples:
• (K. S. Lee, 2019)
• (M. Lee, 2017)

Taken from Purdue Online Writing Lab (2020).

In-text citations: Author/Authors.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html © Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019
 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Citing an Author or Authors

•Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If
you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use
lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in
the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the
in-text citation.
Examples:
• Research by Kyle (2015a) suggested... However, another study
(Kyle, 2015b)...
• (Kyle, 2015a)

Taken from Purdue Online Writing Lab (2020).

In-text citations: Author/Authors.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html © Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019
 FENG 0134 – Writing & Research Skills
Citations & References

Citing an Author or Authors

•Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and
other person-to-person communication, cite the
communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal
communication, and the date of the communication. Do not
include personal communication in the reference list.
•Examples:
• Kahmini Grace (personal communication, April 1, 2015)
commented…
• (Kahmini Grace, personal communication, April 1, 2015)

Taken from Purdue Online Writing Lab (2020).

In-text citations: Author/Authors.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_author_authors.html © Centre for Foundation Studies - 2019