Suitability of DC and AC

machines for EV/HEV

applications
Dr. S. Thiruvenkadam
Associate Professor, MGMCET
Available Electric Machines
• DC machines
• Induction machines
• Switched Reluctance machines
• Permanent Magnet machines
• Advanced Machines
Requirements of Electric Machines for EVs
Requirements of Electric Machines for HEVs
DC Machines
• Communtators cause torque ripples and limit the motor speed
• Brushes are responsible for friction and radio-frequency interference
• Periodic maintenance required due to the wear and tear of
commutators and brushes
• Less reliable and unsuitable for maintenance-free operation
• Torque can be independently controlled (Advantage)

T=Ke Ia
ᶲ
DC machine types
Induction machines
• Commutatorless machines hence maintenance free operation
• Wound-rotor and cage-rotor
• Low cost and ruggedness
• Speed control of IM are complex than DC machines
• Speed control methods, Variable-voltage Variable-frequency control
and field-oriented control
• VVVF- constant rated voltage for frequencies beyond the rated
frequency
• FOC-adapts reference frame principles
Switched Reluctance (SR) machines
• Simple construction
• Low manufacturing cost
• Outstanding torque-speed characteristics

• Two operation modes,

CCC – controlled by changing the current limits
APC – controlled by phasing of switching instants relative to the rotor
position
• Low power density, control nonlinearity and acoustic noise
PM brushless machines
Advanced machines for EVs and HEVs
• Commutator and commutatorless
• Recent trend is focused on PM commutatorless or brushless machines
• Stator-PM machines
• Variable Reluctance PM machines
Stator PM machines
• According to the location of PMs it is Classified as,
1. Doubly-Salient PM (DSPM)
2. Flux-Reversal PM (FRPM)
3. Flux-Switching PM (FSPM)
4. Flux-Controllable PM (FCPM)
DSPM machine
• Relatively more matured type
• PM torque dominates the reluctance torque hence low cogging
torque

• Unidirectional torque is produced by bipolar armature current

FRPM machine
• The flux linkage with each coil reverses polarity as the rotor rotates
• Results the feature of bipolar flux linkage variation
• Each stator tooth has a pair f PMs of different polarities mounted
onto each tooth surface
• Produces high torque density than DSPM
• Also results partial demagnetization and increase in eddy current loss
FCPM machines
VRPM machines
• Dedicated to low-speed high-torque direct drive applications
• The flux linkage to the armature winding changes along with the
interaction between a set of PMs and a set of teeth
• Divided into
Vernier PM (VPM)
Transverse-flux PM (TFPM)
VPM machines
• Featured by its toothed-pole stator configuration
• Small movement of rotor cause large flux-linkage variation which
results high torque (magnetic gearing effect)
• Two typical topologies,
1. split-pole type - suitable for high resolution position control
2. open-slot type- provides more space for housing coils results high-
power
. Each stator tooth is split into 3 small teeth called flux-modulation
poles ( reduces copper loss)
VPM machines