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Cambridge IGCSE Biology

Extended Level

Cells

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 You should be able to:
• Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells,
and describe the functions of their parts.

• Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.

• Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell,
muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.

• Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.

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A section through a liver cell (animal
cell):

cell membrane
nucleus
controls what contains the
enters and DNA and so
leaves the cell controls the cell

cytoplasm DNA
metabolic contains the
(chemical) coded
reactions instructions to
occur here make proteins

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Section through a palisade cell of a leaf
(plant cell)

chloroplast
cell membrane
Site of
photosynthesis

large sap vacuole

nucleus
Storage of
nutrients and
waste products.
cellulose cell wall
cytoplasm Provides
protections and
support for cell

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 You should be able to:
• Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells,
and describe the functions of their parts.

• Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.

• Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell,
muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.

• Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.

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Comparing animal and plant cells

Found in both animal Found only in plant

and plant cells cells

cell membrane cellulose cell wall

nucleus large sap vacuole

cytoplasm chloroplast

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 You should be able to:
• Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells,
and describe the functions of their parts.

• Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.

• Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell,
muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.

• Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.

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 Red blood cells transport oxygen

cell surface membrane cytoplasm contains

no nucleus
allows more room for
haemoglobin

cytoplasm contains
haemoglobin
haemoglobin is a
protein which carries bi-concave disc shape
the oxygen molecules increases surface area
over which absorption of
oxygen can occur

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 Muscle cells contract and enable
movement of the body

muscle

Muscle cells have

many nuclei

cell surface membrane

nucleus
The strands of protein
slide over each other
making the muscle cell
(fibre) shorter and causing
the muscle to contract
protein strands

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Ciliated cells move bacteria and dust
away from the lungs
cilia

Cilia are small extensions of

the cell. They beat rhythmically
to sweep mucus, which has
trapped bacteria and dust,
away from the lungs

nucleus

magnification X3000

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 Xylem vessels transport water and
minerals up the plant
xylem vessels are continuous tubes

xylem vessel

no cytoplasm
hollow: allows for
continuous flow of
water and dissolved
mineral ions

lignin
water-proof and strong;
helps support the plant
cross-section longitudinal section

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 Root hair cells absorb minerals and
water from the soil
Cross-section of a root hair cell

cell membrane semi-permeable, so will

allow water and mineral
cytoplasm ions into the cell
contains no
chloroplasts as no
photosynthesis is
needed
root hair cell
increases surface area for absorption
of water and mineral ions

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 You should be able to:
• Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and animal cells,
and describe the functions of their parts.

• Describe the difference between animal cells and plant cells.

• Explain the structure and function of specialised cells: red blood cell,
muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels and root hair cells.

• Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with examples.

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A tissue is a group of cell of similar
structure that form a shared function
Tissues found in the leaf Animal tissues:
muscle tissue
upper epidermal
tissue
palisade mesophyll
tissue

spongy mesophyll nervous tissue

tissue
lower epidermal
tissue

Cross-section of a leaf

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 An organ is a structure made of a
group of tissues working together to
perform specific functions
heart lungs liver

stomach brain kidneys

Plant organs include the stem and the leaves

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 An organ system is a group of organs that
coordinate to perform related functions
lymphatic digestive reproductive skeletal endocrine
system system system system system

respiratory excretory muscular nervous circulatory

system system system system system

In plants the shoot is an organ system consisting of leaves and the stem
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 Levels of organisation
cell tissue organ organ organism
systems

nerve cell nervous brain nervous Homo sapiens

tissue system

smallest largest

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 Now you should be able to:
• Identify and describe the structure of plant cells and
animal cells, and describe the functions of their parts.

• Describe the difference between animal cells and plant

cells.

• Explain the structure and function of specialised cells:

red blood cell, muscle cells, ciliated cells, xylem vessels
and root hair cells.

• Define the terms tissue, organ and organ systems, with

examples.

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 Now write down everything you remember

• Don’t refer to your text book straight away, see

what information you have retained.
• Check the notes you have made by re-watching
the video or checking your book

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Cambridge IGCSE Biology

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