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Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems: Dr. György Paál
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems: Dr. György Paál
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems: Dr. György Paál
Systems
Dr. György Paál
Prime mover
AC Motor Machine
Mi, ωi Power M0, ω0
DC Motor (linear or
transmission
Diesel Engine system F0, v0 rotational
Otto Engine motion)
Control
Aggregate Actuator
elements
1 – pump
2 – oil tank
3 – flow control valve
4 – pressure relief valve
5 – hydraulic cylinder
6 – directional control valve
7 – throttle valve
Secondary tasks:
o Lubrication of rotating and translating
components to avoid friction and wear
o Heat transport, away from the location of heat
generation, usually into the reservoir
o Transport of particles to the filter
o Protection of surfaces from chemical attack,
especially corrosion
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 9
Hydraulic fluids - requirements
Functional
o Good lubrication characteristics
o Viscosity should not depend strongly on
temperature and pressure
o Good heat conductivity
o Low heat expansion coefficient
o Large elasticity modulus
Economic
o Low price
o Slow aging and thermal and chemical stability
long life cycle
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 10
Hydraulic fluids - requirements (contd.)
Safety
o High flash point or in certain cases not
inflammable at all
o Chemically neutral (not aggressive at all
against all materials it touches)
o Low air dissolving capability, not inclined to
foam formation
Environmental friendliness
o No environmental harm
o No toxic effect
1. Water (3%)
2. Mineral oils (75%)
3. Not inflammable fluids (9%)
4. Biologically degradable fluids
(13%)
5. Electrorheological fluids (in
development)
Advantages:
No environmental pollution
No disposal effort
Cheap
No fire or explosion danger
Available everywhere
4 times larger heat conduction coefficient than mineral
oils
2 times higher compression module than mineral oils
Viscosity does not depend strongly on temperature
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 13
Hydraulic fluid types (contd.)
1. Water:
Disadvantages:
Bad lubrication characteristics
Low viscosity (problem of sealing, but
has good sides: low energy losses)
Corrosion danger
Cavitation danger (relatively high
vapour pressure)
Limited temperature interval of
applicability (freezing, evaporating)
Consequences: needs low tolerances and very good materials (plastics, ceramics,
stainless steel) components are expensive
Advantages: Disadvantages:
Good lubrication Inflammable
High viscosity (good for sealing, Environmental pollution
bad for losses)
Cheap
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 15
Hydraulic fluid types (contd.)
3. Not inflammable fluids:
- Contains water
- Does not contain water
o mines, airplane production, casting, rolling, where there is
explosion and fire danger
o Water-oil emulsions (oil synthetic) or water-free synthetic
liquids
Disadvantages:
Higher density, higher losses, more inclination to cavitation
Limited operational temperature < 55 °C
Worse lubrication characteristics, reduction of maximum load
Worse de-aeration characteristics
Sometimes chemically aggressive against sealing materials
Ubbelohde-Walther:
ν lg(lg( c)) K v m lg T
c, m, Kv are constants,
T is in K
Vogel-Cameron:
B
t [°C or K]
t A e t c
0
3
30 °C
40 °C p 0 ep
50 °C
2,5 T=80 °C
2
0, 0 viscosity at
atmospheric pressure
1,5
Pressure dependence
of viscosity
Sucking air with the pump happens but is by proper installation avoidable.
The oil is quickly into solution during the increasing pressure.
Air bubbles come to oil mostly so that with decreasing pressure the air
„goes out of solution”.
p2
Va V f - dissolving coefficient at normal
pressure p1
Vf Kl : liquid compressibility
1
Va 0 Vf : volume of liquid
K mixture K l
Vf p0 Va0 : volume of gas in normal state
Kl 2
Va 0 p p0 : normal pressure
p : p under investigation
f) Flow resistance
Flow resistance:
p1 p2 ploss f Q
2 Q2
ploss v or Δploss
2 2 A2
p1 p2
Hydraulic component
dh v 4A
Re Re dh
U
64
For a straight, stiff pipe: laminar
l Re
,
dh 0,3164 turbulent
4
Re
K2·Re
K2 K1
Re
log Re
K1 K2
Rh Rh
2d h A 2A2
Rh R´h
Q 1 2
ploss
n n
ptotal pi and Q Qi Qtotal Qi and p pi
i 1 i 1
F A
p1 p2 2
A1 A1 F
v
QLa
Q1 GLi F A2 QLi
v p2 1
A1 A1 A1 A1
p1 p2
Q1 Q2
A2 A2 F A2
Q2 Q1 GLi 1 p2 1 p2GLa
A1 A1 A1 A1
s d1
s
QL
d1
p1 d m sm3 3 e2
d2 e p2 QL p1
2
12 l 2 sm
l
d m sm3 3 e 2
GL 1
2
p1 12 l 2 sm
d1 d 2 d1 d 2
dm sm
p2 2 2
ΔV Nonlinear function.
ΔV = f(p) It can be locally linearized and:
dV
Ch , hydraulic capacity.
dp
p p
Q
p A V s, s V A
A
V
p 2 Q Δp
A s, s , s
1
p Lh Qin Qin
Lh pdt
above welded
With bladder below screwed
Membrane
Bladder Piston
Viscosity [mm2/s]
Temperature [C°]
2005/2006 I. Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems 48
Hydraulic Systems
Accumulators:
With weight With spring With gas
(hydropneumatic accumulator)