Electric Current

Does it mean
SHOCK ?
What do
you mean
Electric Shock
NO! is an by word
injury caused by ‘Current’ ?

Electric Current
 means
Current Flow

Water
When water Current
flows
When from
windone
flows
place
from
to one Wind
another
place
wetoCurrent
called
another
it as
we called it as
 Electric Current is the flow of electrons in the conductor
OR
Electric Current is the amount of charge flowing through
a particular Cross-sectional area of the conductor in the
unit time
Thickness
Amount of Charge(Q)
Electric Current(I) of the
Unit time(t)
Conductor
Q (Red area)
I In Symbolic Form
t
Unit of Electric Current is ampere (A)
 What makes
Heatthe
flowscharges
from flow ?
Higher temperature(A)
Water
To flows from
Similarly, Charges
Higher flow fromA)
level(Tank
Lower
higherTemperature
potential (B)
to lower
Starting or
To
potential
Ending point
Lower level (Tank B)
The SI Unit of Potential Difference(V) is volt (V)
Note:
The function of cell Symbol for P.D and volt is same
is to
create Level
Potential Difference Difference between higher
potential and lower
Potential potential is
Difference
called as
What are Free Electrons ?
 In metals, the
number of electrons - Between the

-
Hence, electrons
in the outermost
are orbit
Lightly bound
is less
- - Nucleus
there
and Electron
Electrostatic Force of
is a force of
Attraction
attraction called as
i.e 1,2,3

n
-
p+ number
in are
-
In Non-metals, the
Hence,ofelectrons
electrons
the strongly
outermost
Nucleus FREEWhen
ELECTRON
bound
isthe electron
-
orbit more

- i.e escapes,
5,6,7
It is called as

-
 Metal wire
Depending
is a on the number of free
Have electrons,
large number of free
conductor substances are classified into :
electrons,
Plug cover Which are charge carriers
IC (Integrated
is made up
Circuit) Have less or practically no
of insulator
Are made up of CONDUCTORS free electrons
semi-conductor They do not have free electrons at room temperature,
materials but can develop under specific condition
INSULATORS

SEMI-CONDUCTORS
Flow of current in a wire
In a conductor Atoms( )
are in a state of
-Atom vibration and
continuous
electrons( )are moving in
- Free Electron
Electrons move with
certain average Drift When a cell is random directions
connected to
this conductor
The function of cell is to
create Potential Difference
Conventional direction of Electric Current

In all circuit diagrams

Free Electrons flow from

conventional direction ofof cell

-ve terminal to +ve terminal

current is to be shown
Direction of Conventional current Flow of free electrons
(from +ve to -ve terminal of cell) (from –ve to +ve terminal of cell)
 Potential Difference (V)
The electric potential difference is defined as the amount of
work done in moving a unit charge from one point to another
point SI
inUnit
an of SI Unit of work done(W) is
electric circuit.
SIjoules(J)
Unit of
Potential
Potential Difference is Work done(W)
electric Charge(Q) is
volt(V)
Difference(V) charge (Q)
coulomb(C)

V W
Q

NOTE: Symbol and Unit of P.D is same (V)

False. SI unit of charge is coulomb (C)
False

True
 Ohm’s Law
Electric Current
Electric
Also Current
Increases
Also Increases
further

I
Let “I” be
Electric Current
VAs Voltage increases even
Let “V” be
As Voltage
more increases
Potential Difference
Ohm’s Law
The electric current flowing in a metallic conductor is
directly proportional to the potential difference (voltage)
across its terminals, Length of conductor
provided physical conditions of the
Should not increase or Decrease
conductor such as Thickness or diameter
Should not increaseofor
Temperature Decrease
conductor
Material of conductor should not
Length Should
be be constant
changed
Area
Temperature and
Material remains constant
Ohm’s Law

V ∝ I OR I ∝ V

V Constant x I

V IR R- Resistance
V R
I
 The property of a conductor
Resistance In a conductor Atoms
due to which it opposes the are
in a state of continuous
flowvibration
of current is called as
and electrons
areRESISTANCE
moving in random
TheWhen
moving atoms are less directions
electrons
Thus, Atoms oppose
Free Electrons
Resistance
collide isflow
with atoms less from
the flow of electrons
-ve i.e
terminal
Currenttois+ve terminal
more
When a cell is connected,
It creates potential
When atoms Difference
are more
Resistance is more
i.e Current is less
Factors Effecting Resistance
As Length of
conductor
the
changes,
∝
R This property
l of changing
Length
As material If
changes, atomic
the door is wider, 1
resistance with material is called
Areastructure
of cross-section
changes
Number and
More people
Resistance
hence
of atoms
Resistance changes
increaseswill
rho(ρ)
be
∝
canRenteris
conductor
less A
Resistivity
called resistivity of the
& it depends on
Material material of wire(conductor)
Thus, Resistance
If the wire is thicker,
l
Temperature More electronsRcan
increases
flow. Resistance is less A
∝
Let us assume
Temperature is constant