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Ohm’s law
The number of electrons in the length l of At constant temperature the current
the conductor = nAl flowing through a conductor is directly
Where n- electron density (number of proportional to potential difference
electrons per unit volume) , A – area of between the ends of the conductor.
cross section. Thus V IR ,
Thus total charge q nAle , e – charge V- potential difference, I – current,
of electron R- resistance
The electron which enter the conductor at Resistance
the right end will pass through the Ability of conductor to oppose electric
conductor at left end in time current.
l V
t , v- drift velocity of electrons R
v I
q nAle
Thus the current, I nAve SI unit – ohm (Ω)
t l Factors affecting resistance of a conductor
v Nature of material
That is Proportional to length of the conductor
I nAve Inversely proportional to area of cross
n-electron density, A –area, v- drift velocity, section.
e- electron charge Proportional to temperature
I nAve
The current density J nve Relation connecting resistance and resistivity
A A l
R
A
Mobility (μ) Where ρ- resistivity, A – area, l- length
Ratio of magnitude of drift velocity to the Resistivity (specific resistance)
electric field. Resistivity of the material of a conductor
eE is defined as the resistance of the
e
m conductor having unit length and unit
E m area of cross section.
SI unit of mobility is CmN-1s-1 RA
l
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V Brown 1 101
From ohm’s law R
I Red 2 102
ml Orange 3 103
Therefore R Yellow 4 104
nAe2
l Green 5 105
Comparing with the equation R Blue 6 106
A Violet 7 107
m Grey 8 108
Resistivity , 2
ne White 9 109
Copper is used as for making connecting wires Gold 10-1 ±5%
Copper has low resistivity. Silver 10-2 ±10%
Nichrome is used as heating element of No color ±20%
electrical devices
Nichrome has High resistivity
High melting point.
Why materials like constantan and manganin 4 - Band code
are used to make standard resistances?
Resistance does not change with
temperature.
Material has high resistivity.
Resistors
Example
The resistor is a passive electrical
component to create resistance in the
flow of electric current.
Symbol
Constant resisstance Variable resistance Resistance = ( 22 × 102 Ω) ± 10%
Commercial resistors
Wire bound resistors
Made by winding the wires of an alloy, Resistance = ( 47 × 10 Ω) ± 5%
like, manganin , constantan, nichrome or 5 - Band code
similar ones, around a ceramic, plastic, or
fiberglass core.
They are relatively insensitive to
temperature.
Large length is required to make high
resistance.
Carbon resistors
Made from a mixture of carbon black, clay
and resin binder.
Are enclosed in a ceramic or plastic jacket.
Carbon resistors are small in size , and
inexpensive.
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T
0 temperature.
0 (T T0 ) Resistivity decreases with temperature.
0 -1 Combination of resistors
Unit of α is C .
Resistors in Series
For metals α is positive.
Temperature – resistivity graph (copper )
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I2 2 r R
2
SI unit is watt (W)
The total current is given by 1 kilo watt (1kW) = 1000W
I I1 I 2 1mega watt (MW) = 106W
V 2 V Another unit horse power (hp)
I 1
r1 r2 1 hp = 746 W
That is Electrical energy
1 1 Electrical energy = electrical power X time
I 1 2 V SI unit – joule (J)
r1 r2 r1 r2
r r r r Commercial unit – kilowatt hour (kWh)
V 1r r 2 1 2r r 2 1 I 1kWh = 3.6 x 106 J.
1 2 1 2 Efficiency
r 2r1
Thus V 1 2 I r1r2 The efficiency of an electrical device is
rr =
rr
Comparing this
1
with
2
the
equation
1 2 Kirchhoff’s rule
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