Teaching Module

In
Power System Analysis

Module 3
POWER FLOW SIMULATION
AND
ANALYSIS
Ontoseno Penangsang1)
1) Electrical Department, Sepuluh Nopember of Institute Technology
Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
 Lecture Overview

 Power Flow Objectives

 Power Flow Equations
 Power Flow Problem Ontoseno Penangsang
 Gauss-Seidel Method zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Newton-Raphson Method
 (Fast) Decoupled Power Flow
 Application : Design and Operation
 Conclusions
 Power Flow Objectives

 Flow of real and reactive powers in the

branches of the network
 Busbar (Node) voltages
 Power system augmentation studies to
plan expansion to the network to meet
future requirements
 Effect of temporary loss of generation
and transmission circuits on system
loading

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 Power Flow Equations

BUS

Pin + jQin
Pout + jQout
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Power Flow IN = Power Flow OUT

Power Flow equation at each bus
 1

2 3 4

Power Flow Equation at Bus 2 Ontoseno Penangsang

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OR
Using the nodal-matrix
current equation form :

Row 2 equation :

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For Bus 2 :

For Bus i :

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General Form of Power Flow Equations

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Rectangular Form of Power Flow Equations

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Polar Form of Power Flow Equations

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Hybrid Form of Power Flow Equations

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 Power through inductance

Xline
• Line transfer
Xeq
• Power through transformer
Xd
• Power from generator
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 Line transfer (1)

I1 Z=Z  a I2

V1=V1q1 S12 S21 V2=V2  q2

S12=P12+jQ12=V1I1*=V1((V1-V2)/Z)*
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P12=V12 /Zcosa-V1V2/Zcos(q1-q2+a)
Q12=V12 /Zsina-V1V2/Zsin(q1-q2+a)
 Line transfer (2)
Z≈jX, a≈90°: P12
P12=V1V2/Xsin(q1-q2) Pmax V1,V2
Q12=V12 /X-V1V2/Xcos(q1-q2) constant

P21=V1V2/Xsin(q2-q1)
Q21=V22 /X-V1V2/Xcos(q2-q1)

P12=-P21
Q12≠-Q21 if V1≠V2 q1-q2
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The load flow problem
In a network with known parameters,
find V,q at all buses (1)
given generation and load
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•Balance equations at each bus: zenno_379@yahoo.com
Pin(gen – load) – Pout(to other buses)=0
Qin(gen – load) – Qout(to other buses)=0
•Equations nonlinear and coupled
•Postprocessing => line flows and losses
 Find real and reactive power flowing in each line (2)

Power Flow in Line i-j :

*
S ij  Vi I ij Ontoseno Penangsang
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*
 Vi  V j 
 Vi   Zij = Impedance of Line i-j
 z ij 
 Three bus types

• Swing or slack bus

– Reference with V and q known
• PV or generator bus
– Voltage controlled, V known
• PQ or load bus Ontoseno Penangsang
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– Neither V nor q known
 LOAD BUS (PQ BUS) :
- Connected to a load (s)
- P and Q known (constant)
- |V| DAN  (phase angle) solved
1

GENERATOR BUS (PV BUS) :

- Connected to a generator (s)
5 - P and |V| known (constant)
-  and Q (generator reactive power) solved

2 SWING/SLACK BUS :
- Connected to a generator (s)
- |V| and  = 0°(reference) known (constant)
3 - P and Q solved
- Makes up the difference between the
scheduled loads and generated power
4 that are caused by the losses in the
network
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 Power Flow Simulation

GAUSS-SEIDEL Method

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 Gauss-Seidel method

 Let us choose a five-bus system. Bus 1 is the slack

bus.
 Therefore, computation starts at bus 2. Bus 2, 4 and 5
are load buses (P and Q are specified).
 Calculation usually start from bus 2, as slack bus
voltage magnitude |V1| and angle θ1 are known. For
other load buses start with initial estimates for the
voltages as V2(0), V4(0), V5(0) = 1 0o
 Then the entire process is carried out repeatedly until
the amount of correction in voltage at every bus is less
than some predetermined precision index (ɛ):
Vi(k) – Vi(k-1) ≤ ɛ (Usually less then: 10-4).
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 Gauss-Seidel method
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 Bus 3 is a voltage-controlled bus (PV Bus). Here P3

and |V3| are known
 Reactive power Q3 is calculated first and then used to
find V3(1)
 Since |V3| is specified, we need to correct the
magnitude of V3(1) as follows:
V3,corr(1) = {|V3|/|V3(1)|} x V3(1)
We take the new angle as obtained but keep |V3(1)| as
|V3| (already specified).
 Q limit on PV bus
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 The reactive power Qg entering into the network from the

generator (PV Bus=Bus 3) is not specified, usually a limit is
given in the form Qmin ≤ Qg ≤ Q max , where Qmin is the
minimum and Q max is the maximum limit imposed on the
reactive power output of the generator at that bus.
 If the calculated Qg is outside the limit, then we substitute:

Qg = Qmin if minimum limit is violated or

Qg = Qmax if maximum limit is violated
 Then the bus is treated as a PQ bus for that iteration only,
for this iteration a new bus voltage is calculated. In
subsequent calculation the program try to sustain the
originally specified voltage at the bus while sustaining that
Qg is within permitted range of values.
 Example 1
Line Data
Saluran R (pu) X(pu)
1-2 0,10 0,40
1
1-4 0,15 0,60
1-5 0,05 0,20
2-3 0,05 0,20
5
2-4 0,10 0,40
3-5 0,05 0,20

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Bus Data
Bus P (pu) Q(pu) V (pu) Keterangan
3
1 ……. …….. 1,02 0° Swing/Slack Bus
2 - 0,6 - 0,3 1,00 0° Load Bus
4
3 1,0 ……. 1,04 0° Generator Bus
4 - 0,4 - 0,1 1,00 0° Load Bus
5 - 0,6 - 0,2 1,00 0° Load Bus
 Line Admittance
Saluran G (pu) B(pu)
1-2 0,588235 - 2,352941 1
1-4 0,392157 - 1,568627
1-5 1,176471 - 4,705882
2-3 1,176471 - 4,705882 5
2-4 0,588235 - 2,352941
3-5 1,176471 - 4,705882

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3
YBUS =
4
 LOAD BUS (Bus 2)

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 Ybus Matrix Elements:
Y21 = -0,588235 + j2,352941 pu
Y22 = 2,352941 - j9,411764 pu
Y23 = -1,176471 + j4,705882 pu
Y24 = -0,588235 + j2,352941 pu
Y25 = 0,0 +j0,0
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Voltage at Bus 2 – First Iteration zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Correction (OPTIONAL) :

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 GENERATOR BUS (Bus 3)

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 Ybus Matrix Elements:

Y31 = 0,0 + j0,0 pu

Y32 = - 1,176471 + j4.705882 pu
Y33 = 2,352941 - j9,411764 pu
Y34 = - 0,0 + j0,0 pu
Y35 = -1,176471 + j4,705882 pu

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Voltage at Bus 3 – First Iteration zenno_379@yahoo.com
Correction : Ontoseno Penangsang
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 Iter 0 Iter 1 ‌∆V ‌ Correction Iter 2
(α=1,6)
V1(0) : 1,02+j0,0 V1(1) : 1,02+j0,0 ‌∆V1 ‌: ‌V1(1) – V1(0) ‌ V1(1) : 1,02+j0,0 V1(2) : 1,02+j0,0

V2(0) : 1,00+j0,0 V2(1) : 0,97635 - V2(1) : V2(0)+α∆V2 V2(2) : ---

‌∆V2 ‌: ‌V2(1) – V2(0) ‌
j0,050965
V3(0) : 1,04+j0,0 V3(1) : 1,03832 + V3(1) : optional V3(2) : ---
‌∆V3 ‌: ‌V3(1) – V3(0) ‌
j0,059032
V4(0) : 1,00+j0,0 V4(1) : ---- +j ---- ‌∆V4 ‌: ‌V4(1) – V4(0) ‌ V4(1) : V4(0)+α∆V4 V4(2) : ---

V5(0) : 1,00+j0,0 V5(1) : ---- +j ---- ‌∆V5 ‌: ‌V5(1) – V5(0) ‌ V5(1) : V5(0)+α∆V5 V5(2) : ---

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?
ALL ‌∆V ‌ < TOLERANCE
(0,0001)
YES  STOP
NO NEXT ITERATION
 Power Flow Simulation

NEWTON-RAPHSON Method

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 One Dimensional Nonlinear Function :

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Determine x for F(x)=0 using Newton-Raphson method

 One dimensional nonlinear function :

“TAYLOR” series :

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LINEAR approach :
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 Two dimensional case :

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For each iteration : zenno_379@yahoo.com
 Newton-Raphson method
 Let us consider a three bus system : Bus 1 – slack bus (|
V1| and angle θ1 are known). Other buses, Bus 2 –
generator bus (P2 and |V2| are known); Bus 3 – load bus (P
and Q are known). Voltage magnitudes (load buses) and
their corresponding angles (generator and load buses) are
to be found out. We assume initial estimates for the
voltages as V2(0) = |V2| 0o for generator bus, and V3(0) =
1 0o
 Then, using power flow equations, we calculate Pi,calc and
Qi,calc . Next step is to solve the power balance equations for
ΔPi and ΔQi . If ΔPi and ΔQi are very small, e.g. 0.0001 or
less, then initial estimates are the solution.
 If not, solve power flow equations to find voltage
magnitudes (load buses) and their corresponding angles
(generator and load buses) Ontoseno Penangsang
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 Power Mismatch
Definition of power mismatch ΔPi ,
ΔQi : value P minus the calculated value P
The scheduled i,sch i,calc

ΔPi = Pi,sch – Pi,calc

The scheduled value Qi,sch minus the calculated value Qi,calc
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Two above Equations are the power-balance equations.

Four potentially unknown quantities (Pi, Qi, voltage angle θi,

and voltage magnitude |Vi|) are associated with each bus i.

At most there are two equations available for each bus. So we

must consider how the number of unknown quantities can
be reduced to agree with the number of available equations
before beginning to solve the power flow problem.
 Example 2
Generator Slack

3
2 Load 1

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 Power Flow Equations
(Hybrid Form)

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Power Flow Equations

Written as Functions of
and for each Bus
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Used to Calculate
and for each Bus
Equations with unknowns for solving the power flow
equations for each iteration :

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 Ontoseno Penangsang
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Bus 1 : Slack Bus 2 : Gen. bus

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JACOBIAN
Matrix
 JACOBIAN Matrix Elements

(k+1)th iteration

JACOBIAN matrix
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In condensed form, the equations with
unknowns for solving the load flow equations
can be written :
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JACOBIAN
matrix
SOLUTION for the 1st iteration

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SOLUTION for the 1st iteration

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SOLUTION for the 1st iteration

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 SOLUTION for the 1st iteration
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 SOLUTION for the 1st iteration
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-1

=
SOLUTION for the 1st iteration

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 Power Flow Simulation

FAST-DECOUPLED Method

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To simplify the Newton-Raphson power flow with
the aim of reducing its time and storage
requirements while retaining its advantages of fast
and reliable convergence
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Saving time by using the same

Jacobian for more than one iteration

Saving storage by omitting the

relatively-weak coupling matrixes (N
and J) or combinations and variations
of the two
 The angular difference (δi - δj) between typical
buses is usually small. So cos (δi - δj) = 1 and
sin(δi - δj)= (δi - δj). The line susceptances Bij are
many times larger than the line conductance Gij.
Then Gij sin (δi - δj) will be many times smaller than
Bij Cos (δi - δj).
 The reactive power Qi injected into any bus (i)
during normal operation is much smaller than the
reactive power, which would flow if all lines from
that bus were short, circuited to reference.
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much smaller than |Vi|2Bii.
Jacobian matrix element N and J can be neglected :

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Decoupled equations : zenno_379@yahoo.com
Jacobian matrix elements H and L can be
expressed as follows :
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Basic Assumptions :

1. Transmision lines have high X/R ratio. Then :

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2. The angular difference between typical

buses is usualy small. Thus

3. Also :
 Then, the decoupled equations can be written :

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B’ and B’’ are negative of the imaginary part of

Ybus matrix elements.
The order of B’ matrix is (n-1) and B’’ matrix is
(n-1-m), where m is the number of Generators
or (PV) Buses
 Further Assumptions :
1. Omit from B” the angle shifting effects of phase
shifters
2. Omit from B’ the representation pf those network
elements that affect Mvar flows i.e. Shunt
reactors and off-nominal in phase nominal taps
3. Divide equations above by Vt and assuming V =
1.0 pu, and also neglecting the series resistance
in calculating the elements of B’
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Fast Decoupled Power Flow
Equations :

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 Example 3
5 Bus System :

1 2

~
~
5

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3

4
 Line Data :
Bus Impedansi Line Charging Admitansi

P–Q Zpq Ycpq/2 Ypq

1-2 0.080+j0.240 0.0+j0.0102 1.250-j3.750

1-3 0.020+j0.060 0.0+j0.0077 5.000-j15.00

1-4 0.080+j0.240 0.0+j0.0102 1.250-j3.750

2-3 0.060+j0.180 0.0+j0.0077 1.666-j5.000

2-5 0.000+j0.060 0.0+j0.0077 5.000-j15.000

3-4 0.080+j0.240 0.0+j0.0102 1.250-j3.750

3-5 0.060+j0.180 0.0+j0.0077 1.666-j5.000

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 Bus Data :

BUS V-bus P(pu) Q(pu)

1 ( Slack ) 1.00 0o - -

2 ( Gen1 ) 1.03 0o 0.2 -

3 ( Load1 ) 1.00 0o -0.06 -0.02

4 ( Load2 ) 1.00 0o -0.05 -0.01

5 ( Gen2 ) 1.03 0o 0.5 -

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Ybus Matrix : Ontoseno Penangsang
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B’ Matrix : Ontoseno Penangsang
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B’ Matrix for Fast Decoupled Power Flow

Equations used for each iteration
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 Matrix B’’ :

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B” Matrix for Fast Decoupled Power Flow

Equations used for each iteration
 Fast Decoupled
Power Flow Equations

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