Chapter 3 - Orthographic Projection

SEGi University
Design I: Basic Skills
Chapter 3 - Orthographic Projection
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By YYSIA
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Monday, February 21, 2022
Learning Objectives
1. To introduce the principles of orthographic projections

international standards.
2. To explain different reference planes.
3. To understand important terms of orthographic
projections, such as Plane, Pattern of planes and views,
Methods of drawing orthographic projections.
4. To develop a capability for both hand sketching in
engineering area.
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Learning Outcomes
1. To interpret objects from multiview drawings.

2. To manage sketch of objects in multiview and pictorial
views.
3. To apply pictorial drafting techniques as tools for
communication, visualization, critical thinking,
and problem solving.
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Extraction of Multiviews
 A three-dimensional object can be represented as a two-

dimensional image by projecting a view perpendicular to
the object.
 It is unlikely that there will be sufficient information on a
single view to unambiguously represent the object.
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Introduction
➢ Orthographic projection = 2-D
representation of a 3-D object.
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Introduction
➢ An orthographic projection represents
different sides of an object.

The Six Principal Views
➢ The 6 principal
views are
created by
looking at the
object,
straight on, in
the directions
indicated.

Glass Box Method
➢ The object is
placed in a
glass box.
➢ The sides of
the box
represent the
6 principal
planes.

Glass Box Method
➢ The image of
the object is
projected on
the sides of the
box.

Glass Box Method
➢ Things to
notice!
→ The
projection
planes.
→ The
projectors.
→ How
surfaces A
and B are
projected.

Glass Box Method
➢ The box is
unfolded creating
the 6 principal
views.

Exercise 1-1
➢ Label the 5 remaining principal views with
the appropriate view name.

Name
each
view.
Top

Name
each
view.
Top
Right Side

Name
each
view.
Top
Right Side Rear

Name
each
view.
Top
Left Side Right Side Rear

Name
each
view.
Top
Bottom

What are the differences
between the Right Side
and Left Side views?
Top
They are mirror

images with one
different line Bottom
type.
What are the differences
between the Top and
Bottom, and Front and
Rear views?
Top
They are mirror

images with
Bottom
different line types.

Which view(s) have the
least amount of hidden
or dashed lines?
Top Front and top views.
Bottom

Standard Views
➢ How many views do we need to
completely describe a block?
2 views.
The 3rd view
duplicates
information.

Standard Views
➢ How many views do we need to
completely describe a sphere?
1 view.
A sphere
has only one
dimension.
Its diameter.

Front View
➢ The front view shows the most features
or characteristics of the object.
→ It usually contains the least amount of
hidden lines.
→ The front view is chosen first and the other
views are based on the orientation of the
front view.

View Alignment
➢ The top and front views are aligned
vertically and share the same width
dimension.
➢ The front and right side views are

aligned horizontally and share the same
height dimension.

Example 1-2
➢ Notice how different line types are used.

Exercise 1-2
➢ Fill the following dotted orthographic
projection with the appropriate line types.

Fill in the visible
lines in to top view.

Fill in the visible
lines in to front view.

Fill in the visible lines
in to right side view.

Fill in the hidden
lines in to front, top
and right side views.

Draw the center
lines in all the views.

NOTICE!
The small dashes cross in the
middle.
NOTICE!
The center line connects
between features in the same
view.

Creating Hidden Lines
➢ Rule 1:
→ The length of the hidden line dashes may
vary slightly as the size of the drawing
changes.

➢ Rule 2:
→ Hidden lines
should always
begin and end
with a dash,
→ Exception: When
the hidden line
begins or ends at
a parallel visible
or hidden line.
➢ Rule 3:
→ Dashes should join at corners.

Using Center Lines
➢ Center lines represent axes of
symmetry.
→ They are important for interpreting
cylindrical shapes.

Using Center Lines
→ They are also used to indicate circle of
centers, and paths of motion.

Creating Center Lines
➢ Rule 1:
→ Center lines should start and end with long
dashes.

➢ Rule 2:
→ Center lines should intersect by crossing
either the long dashes or the short dashes.

➢ Rule 3:
→ Center lines should extend a short distance
beyond the object or feature.

➢ Rule 4:
→ Center lines may be connected within a
single view to show that two or more
features lie in the same plane.
• CAUTION! Center lines should not extend
through the space between views .

Creating an Orthographic Projection
➢ Choose a front view.
→ Which view shows the most about the
object?

➢ Decide how many views are needed.
→ How many and which views?
2
Front
Top
For procedural reasons,

we will continue this
example by drawing all
3 standard views.

➢ Draw the
visible
features of
the front
view.

➢ Draw
projectors
off of the
front view.

➢ Draw the
top view.

➢ Project
back to the
front view.

➢ Draw a 45°
projector
off the front
view.

➢ Draw
projectors
over to the
45° line
and down.

➢ Draw the
right side
view.

➢ Project
back if
needed.

➢ Draw
centerlines
where
necessary.


Completed Drawing

Projection Symbol
➢ United States = 3rd angle projection
➢ Europe = 1st angle projection

1st Angle & 3rd Angle
➢ Which orthographic projection uses 1st
angle projection and which uses 3rd.
3rd Angle 1st Angle

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Exercise 1-3
➢ Fill in the missing
lines in the front, right
side, and top views.

1 missing
visible line in
the front view.

The right side
view has 1
missing visible line
and 2 missing
hidden lines.

The top view has
5 missing visible
lines and 2
missing hidden
lines.

Exercise 1-4
➢ Fill in the missing
lines in the top, front,
and right side views.

The top view has
1 missing visible
line.

The front view has
4 missing visible
lines and 4
missing center
lines.

The right side
view has 2
missing hidden
lines and 1
missing center
line.
Exercise 1-5
➢ Shade in the surfaces
that will appear in the
front, top, and right
side views.
➢ Estimating the
distances, draw the
side views.
➢ Identify the surfaces
with the appropriate
letter in the
orthographic
projection.

1) Shade in the
surfaces of the front
view.
2) Draw the front

view.
3) Identify the
surfaces.

1) Shade in the
surfaces of the right
side view.
2) Draw the right

side view.
Notice the
3) Identify the horizontal and
surfaces. vertical
projectors.

1) Shade in the
surfaces of the top
view.
2) Draw the top Notice the 45 deg.

view. projector
3) Identify the
surfaces.

Exercise 1-6
➢ Identify the best
choice for the front
view.
➢ Estimating the
distances, draw the
side views.
Front view = A

400 mm
146 mm
127 127
Length = 56 40 Width = 50

53.5
279 mm Width = 50
40 mm 172
Height = 82
53.5

TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW

References
1) Giesecke, F.E. et al., Technical Drawing, 13thEdition,

Prentice Hall, 2005
2) Bertoline, G.R., Wiebe, E.N., Miller., Technical Graphics
and Communication, 3rdEdition, Mc Graw Hill, 2003
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SEGi University

Design I: Basic Skills

Chapter 3 - Orthographic Projection

1. To introduce the principles of orthographic projections

1. To interpret objects from multiview drawings.

 A three-dimensional object can be represented as a two-

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Right Side Rear

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Left Side Right Side Rear

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Left Side Right Side Rear

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Left Side Right Side Rear

They are mirror

Left Side Right Side Rear

They are mirror

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Top Front and top views.

Left Side Right Side Rear

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➢ The front and right side views are

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For procedural reasons,

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